An Antibacterial, Highly Sensitive Strain Sensor Based on an Anionic Copolymer Interpenetrating with κ-Carrageenan

Abstract

Polysaccharide-based hydrogels are suitable for use in the field of flexible bioelectronics due to their benign mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the preparation of hydrogel sensors with high performance without affecting their physicochemical properties (e.g., flexibility, toughness, self-healing, and antibacterial activity) remains a challenge and needs to be solved. Herein, a metal ion cross-linking reinforced, double network hydrogel was formed from a 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) copolymer interpenetrating κ-carrageenan (CAR), followed by immersing the gel in a Cu²⁺ ion solution to obtain an antibacterial CAR/P(AM-co-AMPS)-Cu²⁺ conductive hydrogel. LiCl was added as the electrolyte. The presence of the LiCl electrolyte and sulfonated molecular chain units not only gives the hydrogel good electrical conductivity (conductivity up to 2.68 S/m) but also improves the sensitivity of the hydrogel as a stress–strain sensor, with a hydrogel sensitivity GF of up to 3.76 in the 20%–100% strain range and response time of up to 280 ms. The CAR double-helical structure and sol–gel properties and the interaction of multiple noncovalent bonds between polymers provide the hydrogel with excellent self-healing, with a self-healing efficiency of 68%. In addition, the electrostatic interaction of Cu²⁺ with Escherichia coli cells can inhibit their growth, exhibiting good antibacterial properties with an inhibition circle diameter of 20.5 mm. This work could provide an effective strategy for antibacterial multifunctional CAR-based bionic sensors.