Practical lessons of the 3Rs: Learning from the past and looking toward the future

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Abstract

Replacement, reduction, and refinement, known as the 3Rs, is a well-known and broadly applied concept in biomedical science. Since its formal introduction in 1959, application of the 3Rs have refined approaches to reduce or eliminate distress, reduced overall use through repeated measures approaches and use of appropriate numbers of animals, or have replaced animals altogether. However, adoption of the 3Rs is not always easy, due in part to initial lack of awareness of the importance of animal well-being to the outcome of scientific investigation, a lack of understanding of use of results from in vivo model verses in vitro models, lack of effective communication about model benefits, or other technical issues with the development or use of an assay. In understanding the history of the 3Rs, we can learn from or avoid previous challenges as we look to the future of the application of the 3Rs. For instance, there is little doubt that awareness and use of the 3Rs influenced the concept of new approach methods (NAMs), a term describing assays that include traditional in vitro cultures, microphysiological systems, and in silico approaches, and is certainly part of the 3Rs future and the ultimate replacement of an animal-based assay.

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3Rs 的实践经验:总结过去,展望未来
替代、减少和改进,即所谓的 3R,是生物医学科学中一个众所周知且应用广泛的概念。自 1959 年正式提出以来,3Rs 的应用已经完善了减少或消除痛苦的方法,通过重复测量方法和使用适当数量的动物减少了总体用量,或完全取代了动物。然而,采用 3Rs 并不总是那么容易,部分原因是最初没有意识到动物福利对科学研究结果的重要性,对使用体内模型与体外模型的结果缺乏了解,对模型的益处缺乏有效沟通,或者在开发或使用检测方法时存在其他技术问题。通过了解 3Rs 的历史,我们在展望 3Rs 应用的未来时,可以借鉴或避免以往的挑战。例如,毫无疑问,对 3Rs 的认识和使用影响了新方法(NAMs)的概念,NAMs 是描述包括传统体外培养、微观生理学系统和硅学方法在内的检测方法的术语,当然也是 3Rs 未来的一部分,并最终取代基于动物的检测方法。
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来源期刊
Current opinion in toxicology
Current opinion in toxicology Toxicology, Biochemistry
CiteScore
8.50
自引率
0.00%
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审稿时长
64 days
期刊最新文献
Adverse outcome pathway networks as the basis for the development of new approach methodologies: Liver toxicity as a case study New approach methodologies (NAMs) in drug safety assessment: A vision of the future Editorial: Transforming toxicology one cell at a time: A special issue on the application of scRNA-seq to the study of environmental response Editorial Board Practical lessons of the 3Rs: Learning from the past and looking toward the future
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