Research progress of fluid inclusions and its application in iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits

Mingwei Song , Yiwei Peng , Youliang Chen , Yan Zhang , Hong Yang , Shipu Xu , Qi wang
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Abstract

Research on fluid inclusions in Iron Oxide Copper Gold hydrothermal systems has significantly progressed over the past few decades. This paper summarizes the major research advances including petrography, microthermometry, and the compositional of fluid inclusions, as well as the main theories regarding the origins and evolution of ore formation. Fluid inclusions are prevalent within hydrothermal minerals of IOCG systems, including aqueous biphasic (L-V), three-phase (L-V-S) and multiphase (L-V-nS), aqueous-carbonic (LH2O-LCO2) and aqueous-carbonic with solids (LH2O-LCO2-S), single phase (LCO2) inclusions. The types and quantity of fluid inclusions are varied in different hydrothermal alteration and mineralization stages. Geochemical investigations have identified at least two distinct fluid contributors in IOCG systems: a hot, saline magmatic-hydrothermal fluid and an external, non-magmatic fluid (e.g., basin brine, meteoric water, formation water, or metamorphic fluids). It is generally believed that the early stages of the hydrothermal alteration are primarily controlled by magmatic fluids rich in metals and volatiles, with the Fe (-REE) mineralization. Non-magmatic fluids mixing at the last stage can effectively induce a temperature decrease or added reduced sulfur may be a significant factor contributing to Cu-Au precipitation.

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流体包裹体研究进展及其在氧化铁铜金(IOCG)矿床中的应用
过去几十年来,有关氧化铁铜金热液系统中流体包裹体的研究取得了重大进展。本文总结了主要的研究进展,包括岩相学、显微测温、流体包裹体的成分,以及有关矿石形成的起源和演变的主要理论。流体包裹体普遍存在于 IOCG 系统的热液矿物中,包括水相双相(L-V)、三相(L-V-S)和多相(L-V-nS)、水碳酸盐(LH2O-LCO2)和含固体的水碳酸盐(LH2O-LCO2-S)、单相(LCO2)包裹体。在不同的热液蚀变和成矿阶段,流体包裹体的类型和数量各不相同。地球化学研究发现,在 IOCG 系统中至少有两种不同的流体成因:一种是热的含盐岩浆-热液流体,另一种是外部的非岩浆流体(如盆地盐水、陨石水、地层水或变质流体)。一般认为,热液蚀变的早期阶段主要由富含金属和挥发物的岩浆流体控制,其中包括铁(-RE)矿化。在最后阶段混合的非岩浆流体可有效地引起温度下降,或添加的还原硫可能是促成铜-金沉淀的重要因素。
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