Biomass yield, crude protein yield and nitrogen use efficiency over nine years in annual and perennial cropping systems

IF 4.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY European Journal of Agronomy Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2024.127336
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Abstract

Emerging biorefinery technologies can lead to new applications and new markets for various types of crop biomass. This may allow significant changes in agricultural production from crop rotations dominated by annual grain and seed crops towards annual or perennial cropping systems composed with the aims of higher biomass yield and environmental sustainability. In this study, we investigated 7 annual and 7 perennial cropping systems on a sandy loam soil, with large differences in N fertilization. Yield of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was measured over nine growing seasons from 2013 to 2021. A conventional four-year cash crop rotation with cereals and winter oil seed rape served as a reference and achieved mean annual yields of DM and CP of 10.5 and 0.85 Mg ha−1 y−1, respectively, across the nine years. Continuous maize and triticale had significantly higher DM and CP yields, with 57 and 15 % increases in DM yield compared to the reference crop rotation, respectively. Optimized four-year crop rotations with various annual crops including triticale, maize, beet, hemp or faba bean and various intermediate crops achieved 51–84 % and 42–78 % higher yield of DM and CP, respectively. Perennial cropping systems with festulolium and tall fescue with three or four harvests per year achieved 63–65 % higher DM yield and 192–200 % higher CP yield (2.47–2.55 Mg ha−1 y−1) compared to the cash crop rotation. Perennial cropping systems with miscanthus and willow had high DM but low CP yield. As a measure of nitrogen use efficiency, partial factor productivity of DM yield (PFPDM) and CP yield (PFPCP) were calculated, and both varied significantly between cropping systems, with highest PFPDM for M. × giganteus and willow (114–192 kg DM kg N−1) and lowest for festulolium and tall fescue (38–40 kg DM kg N−1). PFPCP was highest for the optimized crop rotations (6.88–7.94 kg CP kg N−1) and lowest for miscanthus (2.94–4.98 kg CP kg N−1). Across 12 of the cropping systems, which included both protein crops and lignocellulosic crops, there was a non-linear DM yield response to N fertilization rate with PFPDM decreasing from 134.9 to 37.2 kg DM kg N−1 when increasing the N rate from 50 to 500 kg ha−1 y−1. On the other hand, there was a linear CP yield response and, therefore, a constant PFPCP of 5.94 kg CP kg−1 N across N fertilization rates. The results clearly indicate that cropping systems can be modified to achieve higher DM and CP yields but also that choice of cropping system and optimal N fertilization may need adjustment depending on the use of the harvested biomass, the possibilities for biorefining into various components and products as well as the economic value of the components.

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一年生和多年生作物系统九年的生物质产量、粗蛋白产量和氮利用效率
新兴的生物精炼技术可为各类作物生物质带来新的应用和新的市场。这可能会使农业生产发生重大变化,从以一年生谷物和种子作物为主的轮作方式转变为以提高生物质产量和环境可持续性为目标的一年生或多年生种植系统。在这项研究中,我们调查了沙质壤土上的 7 种一年生和 7 种多年生种植系统,其氮肥施用量差异很大。在 2013 年至 2021 年的九个生长季中,对干物质(DM)和粗蛋白(CP)的产量进行了测量。以传统的谷物和冬季油菜四年经济作物轮作为参照,九年中的干物质和粗蛋白年平均产量分别为 10.5 毫克/公顷-1 和 0.85 毫克/公顷-1。连作玉米和三粒豆的 DM 和 CP 产量明显更高,与参照轮作相比,DM 产量分别增加了 57% 和 15%。采用各种一年生作物(包括三棱草、玉米、甜菜、大麻或蚕豆)和各种中间作物的优化四年轮作,其 DM 和 CP 产量分别提高了 51% 至 84%,42% 至 78%。与经济作物轮作相比,种植箭毒草和高羊茅的多年生种植系统每年收获三到四次,DM 产量提高了 63-65%,CP 产量提高了 192-200%(2.47-2.55 兆克/公顷-年-1)。采用马齿苋和柳树的多年生种植系统的 DM 产量较高,但 CP 产量较低。作为氮利用效率的衡量标准,计算了 DM 产量(PFPDM)和 CP 产量(PFPCP)的部分要素生产率,两者在不同种植系统之间存在显著差异,其中 M. × giganteus 和柳树的 PFPDM 最高(114-192 千克 DM 千克 N-1),festulolium 和高羊茅最低(38-40 千克 DM 千克 N-1)。优化轮作的 PFPCP 最高(6.88-7.94 千克 CP 千克 N-1),马齿苋最低(2.94-4.98 千克 CP 千克 N-1)。在包括蛋白质作物和木质纤维素作物在内的 12 个种植系统中,DM 产量对氮肥施用量的反应是非线性的,当氮肥施用量从 50 kg ha-1 y-1 增加到 500 kg ha-1 y-1 时,PFPDM 从 134.9 kg DM kg N-1 降到 37.2 kg DM kg N-1。另一方面,CP 产量与氮肥施用量呈线性关系,因此在不同的氮肥施用量下,PFPCP 为 5.94 kg CP kg-1 N。这些结果清楚地表明,可以通过改变耕作制度来提高 DM 和 CP 产量,但也需要根据收获生物质的用途、生物提炼成各种成分和产品的可能性以及成分的经济价值来调整耕作制度和最佳氮肥的选择。
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来源期刊
European Journal of Agronomy
European Journal of Agronomy 农林科学-农艺学
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
7.70%
发文量
187
审稿时长
4.5 months
期刊介绍: The European Journal of Agronomy, the official journal of the European Society for Agronomy, publishes original research papers reporting experimental and theoretical contributions to field-based agronomy and crop science. The journal will consider research at the field level for agricultural, horticultural and tree crops, that uses comprehensive and explanatory approaches. The EJA covers the following topics: crop physiology crop production and management including irrigation, fertilization and soil management agroclimatology and modelling plant-soil relationships crop quality and post-harvest physiology farming and cropping systems agroecosystems and the environment crop-weed interactions and management organic farming horticultural crops papers from the European Society for Agronomy bi-annual meetings In determining the suitability of submitted articles for publication, particular scrutiny is placed on the degree of novelty and significance of the research and the extent to which it adds to existing knowledge in agronomy.
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