The Dynamic of Ion Bernstein-Greene–Kruskal Holes in Plasmas With Regularized κ-Distributed Electrons

Abstract

The dynamics of ion holes (IHs) in plasmas where electrons follow the regularized Kappa distribution (RKD) and ions follow the Maxwellian distribution (MD) are investigated based on the Bernstein-Greene–Kruskal (BGK) method. The results show that the depth of the IHs, the allowed combination of width, and amplitude to support physically plausible IHs’ equilibrium depend on the spectral index $\kappa _{e}$ and cutoff parameter $\alpha $ of the distribution function. That is, with increasing values of the spectral index $\kappa _{e}$ and cutoff parameter $\alpha $ , the IHs formed become deeper and allow a larger permissible region of width and amplitude. In contrast, with decreasing values of the spectral index $\kappa _{e}$ and cutoff parameter $\alpha $ , the IHs formed become shallower and have a smaller allowed range of width and amplitude. The present work may contribute to the comprehension of the nonlinear structures in plasmas system where nonthermal particles are found.