Pub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3540183
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Vol. 52","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3540183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3540183","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"1-142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10878384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3520819
Bingyu Huang;Xuping Zhang;Hui Peng;Xuemiao Chen;Guiji Wang;Xianfeng Zhang;Fuli Tan;Jianheng Zhao;Chengwei Sun
The studies of characteristics and load configuration of an electromagnetically driven shaped liner during the collapse process are significant for understanding its physical process deeply and guiding its application. A coupled electromagnetic-mechanical–thermal physical model was established and validated for characterizing electromagnetically driven shaped liners. The parameters of the liner structure were optimized for high velocity and strong penetration jet. The outcomes demonstrated that the current and magnetic fields concentrated on the outer surface of the liner at the beginning of loading. Subsequently, they gradually diffused in the thickness direction due to magnetic diffusion. The liner was heated and even ablated by joule heat at current density with several mega-amperes per centimeter. Under a current with a peak value of 4.4 MA and a half-cycle of $1.29~mu $ s, the diffusion depth of the copper liner is 0.4 mm. Within the diffusion depth, some material near the apex vaporized, while most of the area remained in a solid or liquid state. The collapse velocity increases with decreasing thickness under the same loading conditions. The current density decreases due to the increase in the diameter, and the overall velocity of the liner with a larger cone angle is smaller than that of a smaller cone angle. The tendency and law of the current density, magnetic diffusion depth, and ablation thickness on the loading surface are similar. Furthermore, the ablation near the apex with a larger cone angle is more severe. A shaped liner with a small cone angle is suitable for obtaining a jet with high velocity and strong penetration.
{"title":"Coupled Electromagnetic–Mechanical–Thermal Characteristics and Structure Optimization of Electromagnetically Driven Shaped Liner","authors":"Bingyu Huang;Xuping Zhang;Hui Peng;Xuemiao Chen;Guiji Wang;Xianfeng Zhang;Fuli Tan;Jianheng Zhao;Chengwei Sun","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3520819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3520819","url":null,"abstract":"The studies of characteristics and load configuration of an electromagnetically driven shaped liner during the collapse process are significant for understanding its physical process deeply and guiding its application. A coupled electromagnetic-mechanical–thermal physical model was established and validated for characterizing electromagnetically driven shaped liners. The parameters of the liner structure were optimized for high velocity and strong penetration jet. The outcomes demonstrated that the current and magnetic fields concentrated on the outer surface of the liner at the beginning of loading. Subsequently, they gradually diffused in the thickness direction due to magnetic diffusion. The liner was heated and even ablated by joule heat at current density with several mega-amperes per centimeter. Under a current with a peak value of 4.4 MA and a half-cycle of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.29~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, the diffusion depth of the copper liner is 0.4 mm. Within the diffusion depth, some material near the apex vaporized, while most of the area remained in a solid or liquid state. The collapse velocity increases with decreasing thickness under the same loading conditions. The current density decreases due to the increase in the diameter, and the overall velocity of the liner with a larger cone angle is smaller than that of a smaller cone angle. The tendency and law of the current density, magnetic diffusion depth, and ablation thickness on the loading surface are similar. Furthermore, the ablation near the apex with a larger cone angle is more severe. A shaped liner with a small cone angle is suitable for obtaining a jet with high velocity and strong penetration.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5633-5640"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3516487
Michael J. Johnson;David R. Boris;Tzvetelina B. Petrova;Scott G. Walton
Atmospheric pressure plasma jets operate by projecting a streamer discharge toward remote substrates. The formation and propagation of streamers is an inherently stochastic process, which leads to cycle-to-cycle variations in streamer properties. The present work quantifies these variations through electrical measurements of a plasma jet striking a conductive substrate. It was found that streamer ignition and magnitude can change substantially from cycle to cycle and thus differ from time-averaged measurements taken over many cycles. For example, the energy required to drive the plasma jet and the amount of charge delivered to the substrate during a given cycle can vary from their respective averages by a factor of 2 or more. While some of this can be due to power supply stability, several other operating characteristics of the plasma jet were found to influence repeatability. It was found that helium and argon produced plasma jets with different levels of repeatability, with the repeatability of argon strongly dependent on the feed gas flow rate. Jets driven with pulsed-DC were notably more repeatable than those driven by a high-voltage sinewave. This is attributed to the difference in voltage rise time, which promotes more consistent ignition times. Increasing the voltage and frequency of the pulsed-DC plasma jet can further improve repeatability, where voltages above 2 kV and driving frequencies above 200 Hz significantly enhance the repeatability of the plasma jet.
{"title":"Electrical Characterization of the Cycle-to-Cycle Repeatability of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet","authors":"Michael J. Johnson;David R. Boris;Tzvetelina B. Petrova;Scott G. Walton","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3516487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3516487","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric pressure plasma jets operate by projecting a streamer discharge toward remote substrates. The formation and propagation of streamers is an inherently stochastic process, which leads to cycle-to-cycle variations in streamer properties. The present work quantifies these variations through electrical measurements of a plasma jet striking a conductive substrate. It was found that streamer ignition and magnitude can change substantially from cycle to cycle and thus differ from time-averaged measurements taken over many cycles. For example, the energy required to drive the plasma jet and the amount of charge delivered to the substrate during a given cycle can vary from their respective averages by a factor of 2 or more. While some of this can be due to power supply stability, several other operating characteristics of the plasma jet were found to influence repeatability. It was found that helium and argon produced plasma jets with different levels of repeatability, with the repeatability of argon strongly dependent on the feed gas flow rate. Jets driven with pulsed-DC were notably more repeatable than those driven by a high-voltage sinewave. This is attributed to the difference in voltage rise time, which promotes more consistent ignition times. Increasing the voltage and frequency of the pulsed-DC plasma jet can further improve repeatability, where voltages above 2 kV and driving frequencies above 200 Hz significantly enhance the repeatability of the plasma jet.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5597-5607"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3519036
P.-A. Gourdain;A. Bachmann;I. N. Erez;F. Garrett;J. Hraki;S. McGaffigan;I. West-Abdallah;J. R. Young
Magnetic fields play an important role in plasma dynamics, yet it is a quantity difficult to measure accurately with physical probes, whose presence disturbs the very field they measure. The Faraday rotation (FR) of a polarized beam of light provides a mechanism to measure the magnetic field without disturbing the dynamics and has been used with great success in astrophysics and high-energy-density plasma science, where physical probes cannot be used. However, the rotation is typically small, which degrades the accuracy of the measurement. Since polarization cannot be measured directly, detectors rely on a polarizer to measure a small change in beam intensity instead. In this work, we show how beam shaping can improve FR measurements using an optical derivative setup. Since the rotation measurement is now strictly proportional to the beam shape and intensity, the system allows to improve the measurement accuracy simply by increasing the laser beam power.
{"title":"Faraday Rotation Measurements in High-Energy-Density Plasmas Using Shaped Laser Beams","authors":"P.-A. Gourdain;A. Bachmann;I. N. Erez;F. Garrett;J. Hraki;S. McGaffigan;I. West-Abdallah;J. R. Young","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3519036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3519036","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic fields play an important role in plasma dynamics, yet it is a quantity difficult to measure accurately with physical probes, whose presence disturbs the very field they measure. The Faraday rotation (FR) of a polarized beam of light provides a mechanism to measure the magnetic field without disturbing the dynamics and has been used with great success in astrophysics and high-energy-density plasma science, where physical probes cannot be used. However, the rotation is typically small, which degrades the accuracy of the measurement. Since polarization cannot be measured directly, detectors rely on a polarizer to measure a small change in beam intensity instead. In this work, we show how beam shaping can improve FR measurements using an optical derivative setup. Since the rotation measurement is now strictly proportional to the beam shape and intensity, the system allows to improve the measurement accuracy simply by increasing the laser beam power.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5608-5614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3515047
Qianyu Wang;Kama Huang
Plasma consists of a collection of ions, electrons, and bound neutral particles, and the whole is a neutral state of matter. Plasma can be divided into two types: high-temperature plasma and low-temperature plasma. Low-temperature plasma is plasma that occurs at room temperature, although the temperature of the electrons is very high. Low-temperature plasma can be used for welding, sterilization, melting, and other applications. In this article, an arrow-shaped microwave low-temperature plasma jet based on a coaxial structure is proposed. The device has the advantages of small volume, low power consumption, high stability, and self-excitation. The plasma length can be varied by changing the velocity of the plasma jet or the microwave power. The argon discharge can be excited at atmospheric pressure with a microwave power of 3.2 W, and its minimum maintenance power is 1.57 W. The optical emission spectra of the plasma show that it contains highly active OH radicals and a large number of energetic particles. Under proper operating conditions, the flame tail treatment of human fingers only heats up to $36.7~^{circ }$ C for 30 s. This portable device can be efficiently used in medical cosmetology and material surface treatment.
{"title":"An Arrowhead-Type Microwave Low-Temperature Plasma Jet at Atmospheric Pressure","authors":"Qianyu Wang;Kama Huang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3515047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3515047","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma consists of a collection of ions, electrons, and bound neutral particles, and the whole is a neutral state of matter. Plasma can be divided into two types: high-temperature plasma and low-temperature plasma. Low-temperature plasma is plasma that occurs at room temperature, although the temperature of the electrons is very high. Low-temperature plasma can be used for welding, sterilization, melting, and other applications. In this article, an arrow-shaped microwave low-temperature plasma jet based on a coaxial structure is proposed. The device has the advantages of small volume, low power consumption, high stability, and self-excitation. The plasma length can be varied by changing the velocity of the plasma jet or the microwave power. The argon discharge can be excited at atmospheric pressure with a microwave power of 3.2 W, and its minimum maintenance power is 1.57 W. The optical emission spectra of the plasma show that it contains highly active OH radicals and a large number of energetic particles. Under proper operating conditions, the flame tail treatment of human fingers only heats up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$36.7~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C for 30 s. This portable device can be efficiently used in medical cosmetology and material surface treatment.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5533-5537"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3519166
Yuting Zhang;Zhenchun Wang;Yan Hu;Wenlai Zhang
The stability of armature velocity is one of the crucial indicators for evaluating the performance of electromagnetic launch systems. A multistage control method for armature muzzle velocity is proposed based on the discharge time and quantity of the power module. By analyzing the pulse power supply model, the relationship between the discharge time, quantity, and armature velocity of the pulse power supply module is established. A multistage feedback control algorithm based on pulse discharge is introduced, which includes steps such as stride selection, adjustment of pulse power supply discharge time, and velocity calculation. By adjusting the discharge time and quantity of the pulse power supply according to the difference between the measured velocity at a reference position and the expected velocity, precise control of the armature velocity is achieved. When the armature muzzle velocity reaches 595.85 m/s, the proposed multistage feedback control method can maintain the accuracy of the armature muzzle velocity within 0.83%. The effectiveness of the control method is verified, providing a theoretical foundation for the precise control of armature muzzle velocity in practical launch experiments.
{"title":"Multistage Feedback Control Method for Armature Velocity in Electromagnetic Rail Launch","authors":"Yuting Zhang;Zhenchun Wang;Yan Hu;Wenlai Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3519166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3519166","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of armature velocity is one of the crucial indicators for evaluating the performance of electromagnetic launch systems. A multistage control method for armature muzzle velocity is proposed based on the discharge time and quantity of the power module. By analyzing the pulse power supply model, the relationship between the discharge time, quantity, and armature velocity of the pulse power supply module is established. A multistage feedback control algorithm based on pulse discharge is introduced, which includes steps such as stride selection, adjustment of pulse power supply discharge time, and velocity calculation. By adjusting the discharge time and quantity of the pulse power supply according to the difference between the measured velocity at a reference position and the expected velocity, precise control of the armature velocity is achieved. When the armature muzzle velocity reaches 595.85 m/s, the proposed multistage feedback control method can maintain the accuracy of the armature muzzle velocity within 0.83%. The effectiveness of the control method is verified, providing a theoretical foundation for the precise control of armature muzzle velocity in practical launch experiments.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5649-5656"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3519032
P.-A. Gourdain;A. Bachmann
Interferometry can accurately measure the electron density of a high energy density plasma by comparing the phase shift between a laser beam passing through the plasma and a reference beam. While the actual phase shift is continuous, the measured shift has discontinuities, since its measurement is constrained between $-pi $ and $pi $ , an effect called “wrapping.” Although many methods have been developed to recover the original, “unwrapped” phase shift, noise and under-sampling often hinder their effectiveness, requiring advanced algorithms to handle imperfect data. Analyzing an interferogram is essentially a pattern recognition task, where radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) excel. This work proposes a network architecture designed to unwrap the phase interferograms, even in the presence of significant aliasing and noise. Key aspects of this approach include a three-stage learning process that sequentially eliminates phase discontinuities, the ability to learn directly from the data without requiring a large training set, the ability to mask regions with missing or corrupted data trivially, and a parallel Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) that uses local network clustering and global synchronization to accelerate computations.
{"title":"Neural Network Reconstruction of the Electron Density of High Energy Density Plasmas From Under-Resolved Interferograms","authors":"P.-A. Gourdain;A. Bachmann","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3519032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3519032","url":null,"abstract":"Interferometry can accurately measure the electron density of a high energy density plasma by comparing the phase shift between a laser beam passing through the plasma and a reference beam. While the actual phase shift is continuous, the measured shift has discontinuities, since its measurement is constrained between <inline-formula> <tex-math>$-pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, an effect called “wrapping.” Although many methods have been developed to recover the original, “unwrapped” phase shift, noise and under-sampling often hinder their effectiveness, requiring advanced algorithms to handle imperfect data. Analyzing an interferogram is essentially a pattern recognition task, where radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) excel. This work proposes a network architecture designed to unwrap the phase interferograms, even in the presence of significant aliasing and noise. Key aspects of this approach include a three-stage learning process that sequentially eliminates phase discontinuities, the ability to learn directly from the data without requiring a large training set, the ability to mask regions with missing or corrupted data trivially, and a parallel Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) that uses local network clustering and global synchronization to accelerate computations.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5581-5596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3520485
Hossam A. Gabbar;Elena Villalobos Herra;Daniel Galvan-Perez;Juan Eduardo Esquivel Cruz;Mustafa A. Aldeeb
Integrating microwave plasma torches (MWPTs) into waste-to-energy systems offers a promising approach to address the challenges of municipal solid waste (MSW) management while enabling efficient energy recovery. However, designing an effective control system for MWPTs is complex and not widely available in current markets. This article presents a novel control system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC), specifically developed to semiautomate the operation of atmospheric MWPT. The system uses a proportional-integral–derivative (PID) control algorithm to precisely regulate the gas flow and plasma conditions, while MODBUS communication technology ensures smooth interaction between components. By addressing key challenges such as unstable plasma ignition and maintaining operational reliability, the proposed system reduces manual intervention, enhances operator safety, and improves scalability for MWPT applications. This work advances the understanding and implementation of automated control in MWPT-based systems, contributing significantly to sustainable waste-to-energy solutions. The proposed solution reduces manual intervention, improves operator safety, and increases the scalability of MWPT applications by addressing important issues such as unstable plasma ignition and maintaining operational reliability. This work contributes significantly to sustainable waste-to-energy solutions by enhancing our understanding and ability to use automated control in MWPT-based systems.
{"title":"Semiautomated Control System of Microwave Plasma Torch for Waste-to-Energy Treatment","authors":"Hossam A. Gabbar;Elena Villalobos Herra;Daniel Galvan-Perez;Juan Eduardo Esquivel Cruz;Mustafa A. Aldeeb","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3520485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3520485","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating microwave plasma torches (MWPTs) into waste-to-energy systems offers a promising approach to address the challenges of municipal solid waste (MSW) management while enabling efficient energy recovery. However, designing an effective control system for MWPTs is complex and not widely available in current markets. This article presents a novel control system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC), specifically developed to semiautomate the operation of atmospheric MWPT. The system uses a proportional-integral–derivative (PID) control algorithm to precisely regulate the gas flow and plasma conditions, while MODBUS communication technology ensures smooth interaction between components. By addressing key challenges such as unstable plasma ignition and maintaining operational reliability, the proposed system reduces manual intervention, enhances operator safety, and improves scalability for MWPT applications. This work advances the understanding and implementation of automated control in MWPT-based systems, contributing significantly to sustainable waste-to-energy solutions. The proposed solution reduces manual intervention, improves operator safety, and increases the scalability of MWPT applications by addressing important issues such as unstable plasma ignition and maintaining operational reliability. This work contributes significantly to sustainable waste-to-energy solutions by enhancing our understanding and ability to use automated control in MWPT-based systems.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5573-5580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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