Fabrication and Characterization of Carrageenan-Biopolymer Composite Microneedles for Interstitial Fluid Collection

Abstract

Identification of suitable polymeric materials to fabricate microneedles (MNs) for the collection of interstitial fluid (ISF) is a challenge. Here, characterization of different carrageenan-biopolymer composites for MN patch fabrication intended for ISF collection is reported. Systematic oscillatory rheological studies of composites containing iota-carrageenan mixed with alginate, gelatin, or pectin are performed to determine the linear viscoelastic region, gel point, tan delta, complex viscosity, and flow transition index. A polynomial equation is derived by relating flow transition index of biopolymer composites and compression strength of fabricated MNs. The biopolymer composite of iota-carrageenan and gelatin at 2% and 14%, respectively, and CaCl₂ crosslinker (80 mm) shows the greatest compression strength sufficient for MNs insertion into the excised porcine skin. MNs swell up on application in an agarose gel model and the ex vivo excised porcine skin model to collect 36 ± 5 and 14 ± 1 µL of fluid within 10 min, respectively. Taken together, it is demonstrated that rheological analysis can be performed to select suitable polymer composites that possess sufficient strength for the skin insertion and swellability for ISF collection.