Development of a portable electrochemical sensing platform for impedance spectroscopy-based biosensing using an ARM-based microcontroller†

Abstract

Detecting pesticides like atrazine is a significant global health challenge due to their association with numerous foodborne illnesses. Traditional detection methods often lack sensitivity and time efficiency, highlighting the urgent need for improved early detection techniques to mitigate pesticide contamination and outbreaks. This study introduces a novel portable electrochemical prototype that integrates an ARM-based microcontroller with an impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based biosensing system. The data processed through the algorithm generates easily interpretable impedance values. The platform demonstrates a broad detection range for atrazine (1 fg mL⁻¹ to 10 ng mL⁻¹) with a limit of detection (LoD) of 1 fg mL⁻¹ and an assay processing time of approximately 5 minutes, showcasing its remarkable efficiency. The sensor consistently maintains cross-reactivity variation below 20%, ensuring reliable performance. This research aims to offer a low-cost, replicable mobile platform for biosensing applications, thereby enhancing access for individuals with limited lab-based research experience and broadening the scope of proactive pesticide monitoring.