Recent Advances in Scandium(III) Triflate Catalysis: A Review

IF 2.8 4区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI:10.1002/ajoc.202400295

Sumit Kumar, Aditi Arora, Shivani Sapra, Riya Chaudhary, Prof. Brajendra K. Singh, Dr. Sunil K. Singh

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Abstract

Over the past three decades, triflate salts have emerged as crucial Lewis acid catalysts in organic synthesis, playing a significant role in cyclization, C−H bond functionalization, and various other reactions. Among these, rare-earth triflates have garnered attention due to their water compatibility, environmental friendliness, noncorrosive nature, and reusability. In particular, scandium(III) triflate [Sc(OTf)₃] stands out as a water-resistant Lewis acid with remarkable catalytic activity in aqueous environments. Unlike typical Lewis acids such as AlCl₃, BF₃, and SnCl₄, which are decomposed or deactivated by water, Sc(OTf)₃ remains stable and effective. Its exceptional Lewis acidity, resilience against hydrolysis, and recyclability make it a prominent green catalyst. The unique stability of Sc(OTf)₃ in water is attributed to the smaller size of scandium ions (Sc³⁺), enhancing its catalytic efficiency. Sc(OTf)₃ has a longstanding history in organic synthesis, facilitating a wide range of reactions including aldol, Michael, allylation, Friedel-Crafts acylations, Diels-Alder, Mannich, cycloadditions (including cyclopropanation), and cascade reactions. The increasing utilization of Sc(OTf)₃ over the past decade underscores the necessity for updated insights. This review provides a concise overview of the versatility of Sc(OTf)₃ as a catalyst, focusing on developments from 2017 to 2024.

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三氟化硫钪（III）催化的最新进展：综述

在过去的三十年中，三锂酸盐已成为有机合成中重要的路易斯酸催化剂，在环化、C-H 键官能化和其他各种反应中发挥着重要作用。其中，稀土三锂酸盐因其水相容性、环保性、无腐蚀性和可重复使用性而备受关注。尤其是三钪酸盐[Sc(OTf)3]，它是一种耐水的路易斯酸，在水环境中具有显著的催化活性。与 AlCl3、BF3 和 SnCl4 等典型的路易斯酸不同，它们会被水分解或失活，而 Sc(OTf)3 却能保持稳定和有效。Sc(OTf)3 具有优异的路易斯酸性、抗水解性和可回收性，使其成为一种杰出的绿色催化剂。Sc(OTf)3 在水中的独特稳定性归功于钪离子（Sc3+）的较小尺寸，从而提高了其催化效率。Sc(OTf)3在有机合成领域有着悠久的历史，可促进多种反应，包括醛醇、迈克尔、烯丙基化、Friedel-Crafts酰化、Diels-Alder、曼尼希、环加成（包括环丙烷化）和级联反应。在过去的十年中，Sc(OTf)3 的应用日益广泛，这突出表明我们有必要对其进行深入了解。本综述简要概述了 Sc(OTf)3 作为催化剂的多功能性，重点关注 2017 年至 2024 年的发展情况。

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来源期刊

Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC-

CiteScore

4.70

自引率

3.70%

发文量

372

期刊介绍： Organic chemistry is the fundamental science that stands at the heart of chemistry, biology, and materials science. Research in these areas is vigorous and truly international, with three major regions making almost equal contributions: America, Europe and Asia. Asia now has its own top international organic chemistry journal—the Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry (AsianJOC) The AsianJOC is designed to be a top-ranked international research journal and publishes primary research as well as critical secondary information from authors across the world. The journal covers organic chemistry in its entirety. Authors and readers come from academia, the chemical industry, and government laboratories.