Limited role of fungal diversity in maintaining soil processes in grassland soil under concurrent fungicide stress

IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Environmental Sciences Europe Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI:10.1186/s12302-024-00983-w
Jeane A. dela Cruz, Tessa Camenzind, Baile Xu, Matthias C. Rillig
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Abstract

Background

Fungicides are an effective tool for protecting crops and maintaining a steady food supply. However, as pathogens continue to evolve, it is crucial to prolong the effectiveness of fungicides by delaying resistance development. A key strategy to achieving this is to combine or rotate fungicides with different modes of action. As fungicides lack specificity, they inevitably affect both pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi when surrounding environments are unintentionally contaminated. Our study aims to investigate the effects of recommended application methods to prevent resistance development, specifically repeated-single fungicide, simultaneous mixture, and sequential applications on non-target soil fungi, and the subsequent impacts on important soil processes. We used fungicides with different modes of action on soil microcosms inoculated with fungi at varying levels of diversity (3, 5, and 8 species) isolated from a protected grassland.

Results

We found that repeated treatments of individual isopyrazam and prothioconazole differentially inhibited fungal activity. Although mixture applications are considered more protectant against crop pathogen resistance than repeated application, our study revealed stronger negative effects of simultaneous application on saprobic fungi and consequently on soil processes. However, contrary to expectations, higher fungal diversity did not translate to improved soil function under these conditions.

Conclusions

The simultaneous application of fungicides with different modes of action (MoA) has more pronounced non-target effects on soil compared to the individual or sequential application of fungicides. These non-target effects extend beyond the intended control of pathogenic fungi, impacting saprobic and beneficial soil microbes and the critical processes they drive. When fungicides are applied concurrently, microbial activities in the soil are significantly altered, even in soils with high microbial diversity. Our study emphasizes the importance of carefully considering the unintended consequences of fungicide use in agriculture. As we strive for a secure food supply, it is crucial to investigate the broader environmental impacts of these chemical interventions, including their effects on non-pathogenic fungi and overall soil health.

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真菌多样性在同时受到杀真菌剂胁迫的草地土壤中维持土壤过程的作用有限
背景杀菌剂是保护农作物和维持稳定粮食供应的有效工具。然而,随着病原体的不断演变,通过延缓抗药性的产生来延长杀菌剂的效力至关重要。实现这一目标的关键策略是结合或轮换使用具有不同作用模式的杀菌剂。由于杀菌剂缺乏特异性,当周围环境受到无意污染时,它们不可避免地会影响病原真菌和非病原真菌。我们的研究旨在调查为防止抗药性产生而推荐的施用方法,特别是重复施用单一杀菌剂、同时混合施用和连续施用对非目标土壤真菌的影响,以及随后对重要土壤过程的影响。我们使用了不同作用模式的杀真菌剂,对接种了从受保护草地分离出来的不同多样性真菌(3、5 和 8 种)的土壤微生态系统进行了研究。结果我们发现,重复施用单独的异菌脲和丙硫菌唑对真菌活动的抑制作用不同。虽然混合施用比重复施用更能防止作物产生病原体抗药性,但我们的研究表明,同时施用对吸水真菌的负面影响更大,因此对土壤过程的负面影响也更大。结论与单独或连续施用杀菌剂相比,同时施用具有不同作用模式(MoA)的杀菌剂对土壤的非目标影响更为明显。这些非目标效应超出了对病原真菌的预期控制,影响到土壤中的无菌和有益微生物及其驱动的关键过程。同时施用杀真菌剂时,土壤中的微生物活动会发生显著变化,即使在微生物多样性较高的土壤中也是如此。我们的研究强调了仔细考虑农业中使用杀菌剂的意外后果的重要性。在我们努力确保粮食供应的同时,研究这些化学干预措施对环境的广泛影响,包括对非病原真菌和整体土壤健康的影响,也是至关重要的。
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来源期刊
Environmental Sciences Europe
Environmental Sciences Europe Environmental Science-Pollution
CiteScore
11.20
自引率
1.70%
发文量
110
审稿时长
13 weeks
期刊介绍: ESEU is an international journal, focusing primarily on Europe, with a broad scope covering all aspects of environmental sciences, including the main topic regulation. ESEU will discuss the entanglement between environmental sciences and regulation because, in recent years, there have been misunderstandings and even disagreement between stakeholders in these two areas. ESEU will help to improve the comprehension of issues between environmental sciences and regulation. ESEU will be an outlet from the German-speaking (DACH) countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the DACH countries regarding environmental sciences and regulation. Moreover, ESEU will facilitate the exchange of ideas and interaction between Europe and the DACH countries regarding environmental regulatory issues. Although Europe is at the center of ESEU, the journal will not exclude the rest of the world, because regulatory issues pertaining to environmental sciences can be fully seen only from a global perspective.
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