Ahmad M. Alhalabi, Mohammed A. Meetani, Ahmad Shabib, Munjed A. Maraqa
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous contaminants that can pollute the environment. This study critically analyzes the sorption of PACs to soil materials based on 137 published papers encompassing 106 PACs and 212 soil materials. The batch technique is commonly employed for sorption studies of PACs to soil, but the experimental setups vary in terms of the type and number of PACs, mixing time, solid to liquid (S/L) ratio, solution type, range of initial concentration, and bio-inhibition method. Sorption competition among PACs or between PACs and dissolved organic matter occurs for certain cases. Linear or close to linear behavior was reported for sorption of many PACs to soil, but sorption of some PACs deviates from linearity. The reaction of PACs to soil is fast at the initial stages but slows down as it approaches equilibrium. PACs characteristics, soil properties, and solution attributes intricately influence the sorption process. Zwitterionic PACs exhibit the highest sorption affinity, whereas neutral PACs display increased sensitivity to soil hydrophobicity. The average sorption coefficient (K) ranges from 0.0915 mL/g for anionic sulfonamides to 84725.5 mL/g for zwitterionic norfloxacin. An increase in the molar volume corresponds to heightened sorption for cationic PACs and reduced sorption for anionic PACs. Increasing solubility, soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, S/L ratio, and soil surface area while decreasing pH, ionic strength, and temperature result in an increase in K. The values of K determined by the batch technique are higher than their column-determined counterparts, possibly due to variations in the employed residence times between the two systems. Several models have been developed to estimate K of PACs, but they are limited in their applicability to specific PACs and soil types. Future research related to sorption of PACs to soils has been suggested.
期刊介绍:
ESEU is an international journal, focusing primarily on Europe, with a broad scope covering all aspects of environmental sciences, including the main topic regulation.
ESEU will discuss the entanglement between environmental sciences and regulation because, in recent years, there have been misunderstandings and even disagreement between stakeholders in these two areas. ESEU will help to improve the comprehension of issues between environmental sciences and regulation.
ESEU will be an outlet from the German-speaking (DACH) countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the DACH countries regarding environmental sciences and regulation.
Moreover, ESEU will facilitate the exchange of ideas and interaction between Europe and the DACH countries regarding environmental regulatory issues.
Although Europe is at the center of ESEU, the journal will not exclude the rest of the world, because regulatory issues pertaining to environmental sciences can be fully seen only from a global perspective.