Hauke Ferdinand Deeken, Wolfgang Büscher, Manfred Trimborn, Alexander J. Schmithausen, Kirsten Weiß, André Lipski, Gerd-Christian Maack
{"title":"Greenhouse gas and volatile organic compound emissions of additive-treated whole-plant maize silage: part A—anaerobic fermentation period","authors":"Hauke Ferdinand Deeken, Wolfgang Büscher, Manfred Trimborn, Alexander J. Schmithausen, Kirsten Weiß, André Lipski, Gerd-Christian Maack","doi":"10.1186/s40538-024-00655-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Silage emits climate- and environment-relevant gases during fermentation and feed-out periods. This trial aimed to determine the unknown carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane, nitrous oxide, ethanol, and ethyl acetate emissions of constant maize silage material over both periods. The results will be published in two consecutive articles (Part A: anaerobic fermentation period, Part B: aerobic storage period).</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The untreated control (CON) was compared with the chemical additive treatment (CHE; 0.5 g sodium benzoate and 0.3 g potassium sorbate per kg fresh matter) and the biological additive treatment (BIO; 10<sup>8</sup> colony-forming units (CFU) <i>Lentilactobacillus buchneri</i> and 10<sup>7</sup> CFU <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> per kg fresh matter). Barrel silos (<i>n</i> = 4) were connected to gas bags to quantify gas formation during anaerobic fermentation (30 or 135 ensiling days). Glass jar silos (<i>n</i> = 12) were used for laboratory silage analysis.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>CHE produced significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) less gas (6.7 ± 0.3 L per kg dry matter ensiled material (kg<sub>DM</sub>) until ensiling day 14.0 ± 0.0) and ethanol (8.6 ± 1.5 mg kg<sub>DM</sub><sup>–1</sup>) than CON did (8.5 ± 0.2 L kg<sub>DM</sub><sup>–1</sup> until ensiling day 19.5 ± 6.4; 12.2 ± 1.5 (mg ethanol) kg<sub>DM</sub><sup>–1</sup>). BIO indicates prolonged gas formation (9.1 ± 0.9 L kg<sub>DM</sub><sup>–1</sup> until ensiling day 61.3 ± 51.9; 12.0 ± 2.1 mg kg<sub>DM</sub><sup>–1</sup>). CO<sub>2</sub> is the main component of the gas formed. All treatments formed methane and nitrous oxide in small quantities. CON emitted significantly more CO<sub>2</sub>eq emissions than BIO and less than CHE (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Additives had no effect on ethyl acetate gas emissions. For BIO, ethanol concentrations in the material (<i>r</i><sub><i>S</i></sub> = 0.609, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and gas quantities (<i>r</i><sub><i>S</i></sub> = 0.691, <i>p</i> < 0.05) correlate with ethyl acetate gas quantities. All the treatments exhibited decreasing gas and CO<sub>2</sub> quantities, and the dry matter mass increased between ensiling days 14 and 30 (− 0.810 ≤ <i>r</i><sub><i>S</i></sub> ≤ 0.442; <i>p</i> < 0.05 to <i>p</i> = 0.20).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Silage generates climate- and environmental-relevant gases during fermentation and silage additives affect this pattern. Gas formation exceeds the fixation potential, and the carbon footprint of silage fermentation is negative.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40538-024-00655-0","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40538-024-00655-0","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background
Silage emits climate- and environment-relevant gases during fermentation and feed-out periods. This trial aimed to determine the unknown carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, ethanol, and ethyl acetate emissions of constant maize silage material over both periods. The results will be published in two consecutive articles (Part A: anaerobic fermentation period, Part B: aerobic storage period).
Methods
The untreated control (CON) was compared with the chemical additive treatment (CHE; 0.5 g sodium benzoate and 0.3 g potassium sorbate per kg fresh matter) and the biological additive treatment (BIO; 108 colony-forming units (CFU) Lentilactobacillus buchneri and 107 CFU Lactiplantibacillus plantarum per kg fresh matter). Barrel silos (n = 4) were connected to gas bags to quantify gas formation during anaerobic fermentation (30 or 135 ensiling days). Glass jar silos (n = 12) were used for laboratory silage analysis.
Results
CHE produced significantly (p < 0.05) less gas (6.7 ± 0.3 L per kg dry matter ensiled material (kgDM) until ensiling day 14.0 ± 0.0) and ethanol (8.6 ± 1.5 mg kgDM–1) than CON did (8.5 ± 0.2 L kgDM–1 until ensiling day 19.5 ± 6.4; 12.2 ± 1.5 (mg ethanol) kgDM–1). BIO indicates prolonged gas formation (9.1 ± 0.9 L kgDM–1 until ensiling day 61.3 ± 51.9; 12.0 ± 2.1 mg kgDM–1). CO2 is the main component of the gas formed. All treatments formed methane and nitrous oxide in small quantities. CON emitted significantly more CO2eq emissions than BIO and less than CHE (p < 0.05). Additives had no effect on ethyl acetate gas emissions. For BIO, ethanol concentrations in the material (rS = 0.609, p < 0.05) and gas quantities (rS = 0.691, p < 0.05) correlate with ethyl acetate gas quantities. All the treatments exhibited decreasing gas and CO2 quantities, and the dry matter mass increased between ensiling days 14 and 30 (− 0.810 ≤ rS ≤ 0.442; p < 0.05 to p = 0.20).
Conclusion
Silage generates climate- and environmental-relevant gases during fermentation and silage additives affect this pattern. Gas formation exceeds the fixation potential, and the carbon footprint of silage fermentation is negative.
期刊介绍：
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed forum for the advancement and application to all fields of agriculture of modern chemical, biochemical and molecular technologies. The scope of this journal includes chemical and biochemical processes aimed to increase sustainable agricultural and food production, the evaluation of quality and origin of raw primary products and their transformation into foods and chemicals, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. Of special interest are the effects of chemical and biochemical technologies, also at the nano and supramolecular scale, on the relationships between soil, plants, microorganisms and their environment, with the help of modern bioinformatics. Another special focus is the use of modern bioorganic and biological chemistry to develop new technologies for plant nutrition and bio-stimulation, advancement of biorefineries from biomasses, safe and traceable food products, carbon storage in soil and plants and restoration of contaminated soils to agriculture.
This journal presents the first opportunity to bring together researchers from a wide number of disciplines within the agricultural chemical and biological sciences, from both industry and academia. The principle aim of Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is to allow the exchange of the most advanced chemical and biochemical knowledge to develop technologies which address one of the most pressing challenges of our times - sustaining a growing world population.
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture publishes original research articles, short letters and invited reviews. Articles from scientists in industry, academia as well as private research institutes, non-governmental and environmental organizations are encouraged.
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