Leveraging quantum uncertainty: Quantum randomness through the lens of classical communication networks

Abstract

The generation of random numbers and the study of its properties have been an elusive field for a fair portion of the century. The application of random numbers is employed in many use cases such as cryptography, neural networks, numerical simulation, and gambling. The performance of each of these use cases is profoundly impacted by the employed random numbers; henceforth, the quality of randomness is of critical importance when it comes to their usage. A poorly generated random number can make a security system vulnerable, or any numerical or statistical evaluation misleading. Although various modes of classical random number generators exist and still function to provide strong cryptographic properties, emergence of quantum mechanical randomness has shed light on a novel path of generating certified randomness which supersedes the classical counterpart in terms of security. Harnessing quantum mechanical phenomena enables generation of true random numbers which can be certified and further implemented to elevate the net quality of the specific use cases. In this work, we generate and analyze random numbers from three different sources — 50: 50 beam splitter (BS), quantum key distribution (QKD) setup with classical post-processing scheme, and a commercially available quantum random number generator (QRNG) (ID Quantique (IDQ)). The quality of the generated random numbers from the various sources is checked in statistical tests and compared. Further on, we have developed a system which implements the QRNG-based random numbers to facilitate message authentication code (MAC) and one time password (OTP) protocols, demonstrating a communication network application. In this manner we discuss about a network which integrates quantum mechanics to the current classical networking approaches to enhance certain aspects of the networking protocol — in this case, the security.