Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity analysis of Citrus japonica leaves volatile oil from Palestine

IF 5.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI:10.1186/s40538-024-00659-w

Nidal Jaradat, Mohammed Hawash, Nawaf Al-Maharik, Ruba Atiani, Ghufran Omariyah, Lama Hamodi, Heba Mosa, Fatima Hussein, Linda Issa, Marah S. Shakhshir, Shurooq Sobuh, Trobjon Makhkamov, Komolitdin Sultonov, Nilufar Abdullayeva

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Abstract

Background

Exploring the therapeutic potential of unutilized plant parts from agricultural crops represents a promising strategy for discovering novel medications with high positive economic value. This study aimed to characterize the composition, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of volatile oil (VO) extracted from the leaves of Citrus japonica trees. This is the first research to assess the C. japonica VO’s anti-obesity, anti-lipase, and cytotoxic properties. Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assays and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, the components of VO and its capacity to suppress the growth of cancer and other abnormal cells were ascertained, respectively. Stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB), and dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) assays were employed to determine antioxidant, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic activities, respectively.

Results

The C. japonica leaf showed significant diversity in type and percentage of VO molecules. Overall, 45 compounds were identified in the VO, constituting 99.69% of the total oil composition. γ-Muurolene (28.12%), β-eudesmol (10.93%), γ-eudesmol (8.44%), germacrene B (7.39%), and elemol (7.27%) are the major characterized molecules. According to the inhibition percentage results of DPPH free radicals, porcine pancreatic lipase, and α-amylase, the VO exhibits strong antioxidant properties and weak inhibitory effects on lipase and α-amylase enzymes. The C. japonica VO showed a moderate cytotoxic effect against Hep3B and considerable activity on B16F1, CaCo-2, HeLa, MCF-7, and HepG2, with IC₅₀ doses in the range of 69.7–171.96 µg/mL. The VO cytotoxic effect IC₅₀ against the normal cell line LX-2 was 224.95 µg/mL.

Conclusion

The current study collectively presented the chemical constituents of C. japonica leaf VO from Palestine for the first time and demonstrated its inhibitory effects against DPPH free radicals, porcine pancreatic lipase, and α-amylase. The results suggest that C. japonica leaf VO has the potential to be used as a natural supplement to prevent or treat cancer, as well as in the food industry as a natural antioxidant.

Graphical Abstract

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巴勒斯坦柑橘叶挥发油的植物化学成分分析和生物活性分析

背景探索农作物中未被利用的植物部分的治疗潜力是发现具有较高经济价值的新型药物的一种有前途的策略。本研究旨在分析从柑橘树叶中提取的挥发油（VO）的成分、抗糖尿病、抗肥胖、抗氧化和细胞毒性作用。这是首次评估枸橘挥发油抗肥胖、抗脂肪酶和细胞毒性特性的研究。利用 3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-5-(3-羧基甲氧基苯基)-2-(4-磺酸苯基)-2H-四唑鎓（MTS）测定法和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析法，分别确定了 VO 的成分及其抑制癌细胞和其他异常细胞生长的能力。采用稳定的 2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼（DPPH）自由基、对硝基苯丁酸酯（PNPB）和二硝基水杨酸（DNSA）测定法，分别测定了 VO 的抗氧化、抗肥胖和抗糖尿病活性。总体而言，蓖麻油中鉴定出 45 种化合物，占总油成分的 99.69%。γ-Muurolene（28.12%）、β-eudesmol（10.93%）、γ-eudesmol（8.44%）、germacrene B（7.39%）和 elemol（7.27%）是主要的特征分子。根据对 DPPH 自由基、猪胰脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制率结果，禾本科植物酵母具有较强的抗氧化性，对脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制作用较弱。C. japonica VO 对 Hep3B 有中等程度的细胞毒性作用，对 B16F1、CaCo-2、HeLa、MCF-7 和 HepG2 有相当高的活性，IC50 剂量范围为 69.7-171.96 µg/mL。本研究首次综合展示了巴勒斯坦粳稻叶 VO 的化学成分，并证明了其对 DPPH 自由基、猪胰脂肪酶和 α 淀粉酶的抑制作用。结果表明，粳稻叶 VO 有潜力用作预防或治疗癌症的天然补充剂，以及食品工业中的天然抗氧化剂。

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来源期刊

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

6.80

自引率

3.00%

发文量

审稿时长

15 weeks

期刊介绍： Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed forum for the advancement and application to all fields of agriculture of modern chemical, biochemical and molecular technologies. The scope of this journal includes chemical and biochemical processes aimed to increase sustainable agricultural and food production, the evaluation of quality and origin of raw primary products and their transformation into foods and chemicals, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. Of special interest are the effects of chemical and biochemical technologies, also at the nano and supramolecular scale, on the relationships between soil, plants, microorganisms and their environment, with the help of modern bioinformatics. Another special focus is the use of modern bioorganic and biological chemistry to develop new technologies for plant nutrition and bio-stimulation, advancement of biorefineries from biomasses, safe and traceable food products, carbon storage in soil and plants and restoration of contaminated soils to agriculture. This journal presents the first opportunity to bring together researchers from a wide number of disciplines within the agricultural chemical and biological sciences, from both industry and academia. The principle aim of Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is to allow the exchange of the most advanced chemical and biochemical knowledge to develop technologies which address one of the most pressing challenges of our times - sustaining a growing world population. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture publishes original research articles, short letters and invited reviews. Articles from scientists in industry, academia as well as private research institutes, non-governmental and environmental organizations are encouraged.