Garnet as a carrier of HREEs in highly fractionated peraluminous granite: Implications for the formation of ion-absorption HREE deposits

IF 3.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOLOGY Ore Geology Reviews Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106245
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Abstract

Ion-absorption rare earth element (REE) deposits in South China are the world’s most important source of heavy REEs (HREEs). These deposits were formed by the weathering of granitic rocks whose formation involved primary HREE enrichment. Previous studies have identified the key role of late-stage magmatic evolution, especially the magmatic–hydrothermal transition stage played in HREE enrichment, but the detailed processes need further investigation. Garnet is a common HREE carrier in parent rocks and also a main contributor of these elements in formation of ion-absorption HREE deposits. Here, we investigate textural and compositional variations in garnets from parent rock (muscovite granite) of the Dabu ion-absorption HREE deposit to constrain the primary HREE enrichment of the parent rock during late-stage magmatic evolution. Mass-balance calculations reveal that garnet accounts for ∼67 % of the Y and 64 % of the REEs in the Dabu muscovite granite. The garnets can be classified into three types: i) magmatic garnets (Grt-1A) are intergrown with plagioclase, K-feldspar, and quartz, host both melt and mineral inclusions, and have high REE + Y contents (6488–19,215 ppm); ii) magmatic–hydrothermal garnets (Grt-1B) occur as overgrowths on Grt-1A, host both melt and fluid inclusions, and have intermediate REE + Y contents (2681–8683 ppm); and iii) hydrothermal garnets (Grt-2) are intergranular with quartz and altered biotite, host primary fluid inclusions, and have the lowest REE + Y contents (476–1247 ppm). The texture and composition of the three types of garnet indicate that the magma have undergone a transition from a volatile-undersaturated to a volatile-oversaturated aqueous system. The fluid, from which some REE minerals precipitated, present in the magma system was derived from the magma itself rather than from an external source, as evidenced by the similarity in Nd isotopic composition between the REE minerals and the whole-rock samples. During this transition, the presence of high-HREE garnet prevents the HREE partitioning into refractory minerals (e.g., zircon, REE-bearing phosphate) or extracting from the magma system by the fluid. Our findings show that granites containing high-HREE garnet have high potential for forming ion-absorption HREE deposits and that garnet can reliably record their magmatic evolution.

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石榴石作为高分馏过铝花岗岩中 HREEs 的载体:对离子吸收 HREE 沉积形成的影响
中国南方的离子吸收稀土元素(REE)矿床是世界上最重要的重稀土元素(HREE)来源。这些矿床是由花岗岩风化形成的,其形成过程涉及原生 HREE 富集。以往的研究发现,后期岩浆演化,特别是岩浆-热液转换阶段在 HREE 富集过程中发挥了关键作用,但具体过程仍需进一步研究。石榴石是母岩中常见的 HREE 载体,也是离子吸附 HREE 矿床形成过程中这些元素的主要来源。在此,我们研究了达布离子吸附HREE矿床母岩(蕈状花岗岩)中石榴石的纹理和成分变化,以确定母岩在晚期岩浆演化过程中的原生HREE富集情况。质量平衡计算显示,石榴石占大堡云母花岗岩中Y的67%,REEs的64%。石榴石可分为三种类型:i) 岩浆石榴石(Grt-1A)与斜长石、钾长石和石英互生,含有熔体和矿物包裹体,REE + Y 含量高(6488-19215 ppm);岩浆-热液石榴石(Grt-1B)是在 Grt-1A 上的过度生长,同时承载熔融物和流体包裹体,REE + Y 含量处于中等水平(2681-8683 ppm);以及 iii) 热液石榴石(Grt-2)与石英和蚀变生物岩呈粒状,承载主要流体包裹体,REE + Y 含量最低(476-1247 ppm)。这三种石榴石的质地和成分表明,岩浆经历了从挥发性不饱和到挥发性过饱和水体系的转变。岩浆系统中析出某些稀土元素矿物的流体来自岩浆本身,而不是外部来源,稀土元素矿物与整块岩石样本之间的钕同位素组成相似就是证明。在这一转变过程中,高 HREE 石榴石的存在阻止了 HREE 向难熔矿物(如锆石、含 REE 的磷酸盐)的分配,也阻止了流体从岩浆系统中提取 HREE。我们的研究结果表明,含有高HREE石榴石的花岗岩具有形成离子吸收HREE矿床的巨大潜力,而且石榴石可以可靠地记录其岩浆演化过程。
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来源期刊
Ore Geology Reviews
Ore Geology Reviews 地学-地质学
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
27.30%
发文量
546
审稿时长
22.9 weeks
期刊介绍: Ore Geology Reviews aims to familiarize all earth scientists with recent advances in a number of interconnected disciplines related to the study of, and search for, ore deposits. The reviews range from brief to longer contributions, but the journal preferentially publishes manuscripts that fill the niche between the commonly shorter journal articles and the comprehensive book coverages, and thus has a special appeal to many authors and readers.
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