Mycotoxin contamination and the nutritional content of corn targeted for animal feed

Abstract

Mycotoxin contaminated corn poses a risk to poultry production. Although mycotoxin regulatory guidelines are based on the hazards of individual mycotoxin contamination, feed and feed ingredients may be contaminated with multiple mycotoxins. The objective of this study was to assess mycotoxin co-contamination and its impact on the nutrient content of corn grain. Corn samples (n = 328) originating from various regions in the Southeastern U.S. were quantitatively analyzed for fumonisin (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEA) by HPLC-MS/MS. Nutritional content was analyzed by near-infrared spectroscopy, and color data were collected. All 328 samples were found to be contaminated with at least 1 mycotoxin: 100% contained FUM (19-24,680 µg/kg), 69.82% contained DON (0-9,640 µg/kg), 17.07% contained AFB1 (0–939 µg/kg), and 43.60% had detectable levels of ZEA (0-8,093.5 µg/kg). Most of the samples were contaminated with 2 or more mycotoxins, with only 18.29% of the samples containing a single mycotoxin. 38.41% of the samples had 2 mycotoxins present, 36.59 % had 3 mycotoxins, and 4.88% of the samples had all 4 tested mycotoxins present. Samples contaminated with AFB1 had significantly lower fat (P = 0.007) and lightness (P = 0.007); samples contaminated with DON had significantly higher starch (P < 0.001) and lower protein (P < 0.001). Samples contaminated with FUM had significantly higher protein (P = 0.008) and moisture (P = 0.019) and lower starch (P < 0.001). ZEA contaminated samples had significantly lower starch (P = 0.034). A correlation was observed between mycotoxin contamination and altered nutrient content in corn. This study provides further evidence that co-contamination of mycotoxins is the norm in corn, and that mycotoxin contamination correlates with impacts on the nutrient profile of feed corn.