Solid-Phase Reactivity-Directed Extraction (SPREx): An Alternative Approach for Simultaneous Extraction, Identification, and Prioritization of Toxic Electrophiles Produced in Water Treatment Applications

IF 6.7 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL ACS Environmental Au Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI:10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00025
Daisy N. Grace, Matthew N. Newmeyer, Carsten Prasse
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Abstract

Current strategies to assess water quality are ineffective at prioritizing the most toxic chemicals within a treated water sample. Although it is well known that oxidation byproducts (OBPs) from water treatment processes (e.g., chlorination and ozonation) are linked to adverse health outcomes such as skin diseases, reproductive toxicity, and various cancers, we are still unable to account for a large fraction of the toxicity drivers. Previous approaches utilize in vitro or in vivo assays to assess OBPs on an individual basis, which is too time- and resource-intensive considering the countless number of transformation byproducts of unknown toxicities that exist in treated waters. In vitro assays have also been developed to analyze the toxicity of OBPs in environmental mixtures, but these approaches do not provide identification information about the responsible toxicants. Furthermore, an additional challenge for OBP detection arises during the extraction and detection stages of analysis, as certain OBPs are typically lost using traditional extraction methods or are not detectable via liquid-chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) without derivatization. To address these issues, we have developed the analytical assay Solid-Phase Reactivity-directed Extraction (SPREx), which aims to provide an all-in-one evaluation for (i) in chemico toxicity screening, (ii) extraction, (iii) detection, and (iv) identification via LC-HRMS. The performance of SPREx was evaluated by testing different nucleophile probes for the capture and detection of 24 different carbonyl compounds, which serve as model electrophiles and are known OBPs that provide unique extraction and detection challenges. SPREx provided distinct advantages for extraction recoveries and was an effective screening tool for carbonyl detection and quantification in complex water matrices such as drinking water and wastewater.

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固相反应定向萃取(SPREx):同时萃取、鉴定和优先处理水处理应用中产生的有毒电致发光物的替代方法
目前的水质评估策略无法有效地对处理过的水样中毒性最强的化学物质进行优先排序。尽管众所周知,水处理过程(如氯化和臭氧处理)产生的氧化副产物(OBPs)与皮肤病、生殖毒性和各种癌症等不良健康后果有关,但我们仍然无法解释大部分毒性驱动因素。以往的方法是利用体外或体内检测法来单独评估 OBPs,考虑到处理过的水体中存在无数毒性未知的转化副产物,这种方法过于耗费时间和资源。此外,还开发了体外检测方法来分析环境混合物中的 OBPs 的毒性,但这些方法无法提供相关毒性物质的鉴定信息。此外,在萃取和检测分析阶段,OBP 的检测还面临着额外的挑战,因为使用传统的萃取方法通常会损失某些 OBP,或者在没有衍生化的情况下无法通过液相色谱-高分辨质谱(LC-HRMS)检测到 OBP。为了解决这些问题,我们开发了固相反应定向萃取(Solid-Phase Reactivity-directed Extraction,SPREx)分析检测方法,旨在为(i) 化学毒性筛选、(ii) 萃取、(iii) 检测和(iv) 通过液相色谱-高分辨质谱(LC-HRMS)鉴定提供一体化的评估。通过测试不同亲核探针对 24 种不同羰基化合物的捕获和检测,对 SPREx 的性能进行了评估。SPREx 在萃取回收率方面具有明显优势,是饮用水和废水等复杂水基质中羰基检测和定量的有效筛选工具。
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ACS Environmental Au
ACS Environmental Au 环境科学-
CiteScore
7.10
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期刊介绍: ACS Environmental Au is an open access journal which publishes experimental research and theoretical results in all aspects of environmental science and technology both pure and applied. Short letters comprehensive articles reviews and perspectives are welcome in the following areas:Alternative EnergyAnthropogenic Impacts on Atmosphere Soil or WaterBiogeochemical CyclingBiomass or Wastes as ResourcesContaminants in Aquatic and Terrestrial EnvironmentsEnvironmental Data ScienceEcotoxicology and Public HealthEnergy and ClimateEnvironmental Modeling Processes and Measurement Methods and TechnologiesEnvironmental Nanotechnology and BiotechnologyGreen ChemistryGreen Manufacturing and EngineeringRisk assessment Regulatory Frameworks and Life-Cycle AssessmentsTreatment and Resource Recovery and Waste Management
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Solid-Phase Reactivity-Directed Extraction (SPREx): An Alternative Approach for Simultaneous Extraction, Identification, and Prioritization of Toxic Electrophiles Produced in Water Treatment Applications Issue Publication Information Issue Editorial Masthead Recent Advances in Technologies for Phosphate Removal and Recovery: A Review Microbial Community Changes across Time and Space in a Constructed Wetland
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