The presence of cancer-associated fibroblast in breast cavity side margins is in correlation with the expression of oncoproteins by adjacent epithelial cells: a new era in cancerous potential

Abstract

Purpose

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most critical cells in the tumor environment, with crucial roles in cancer progression and metastasis. Due to Field-Effect phenomena (also called field cancerization), the adjacent cavity side area of the margin is histologically normal, but it has been entered into neoplastic transformation due to MCT4 and MCT1 pathways activated by H₂O₂/ROS oxidative stress agents secreted by CAF in adjacent tumor bed microenvironment. This paper specifically focused on the role of cancer-associated fibroblast in breast tumor beds and its correlation with the presence of scattered cancer cells or onco-protein-activated cells (may be high risk but not completely transformed cancer cells) in the cavity side margins.

Methods

In this study, the glycolytic behavior of non-tumoral cavity side margins was examined using carbon nanotube-based electrochemical biosensors integrated into a cancer diagnostic probe. This method enabled the detection of CAF accumulation sites in non-cancerous neighboring tissues of tumors, with a correlation to CAF concentration. Subsequently, RT-PCR, fluorescent, histopathological, and invasion assays were conducted on hyperglycolytic lesions to explore any correlation between the abundance of CAFs and the electrochemical responses of the non-cancerous tissues surrounding the tumor, as well as their neoplastic potential.

Results

We observed overexpression of cancer-associated transcriptomes as well as the presence and hyperactivation of CAFs in cavity-side regions in which glycolytic metabolism was recorded, independent of the histopathological state of the lesion. At mean 70.4%, 66.7%, 70.4%, and 44.5% increments were observed in GLUT-1, MMP-2, N-cadherin, and MMP-9 transcriptomes by highly glycolytic but histologically cancer-free expression samples in comparison with negative controls (histologically non-cancer lesions with low glycolytic behavior).

Conclusion

The presence of CAFs is correlated with the presence of high glycolytic metabolism in the cavity margin lesion, high ROS level in the lesion, and finally aggressive cancer-associated proteins (such as MMP2, …) in the margin while these metabolomes, molecules, and proteins are absent in the margins with negatively scored CDP response and low ROS level. So, it seems that when we observe CAFs in glycolytic lesions with high ROS levels, some high-risk epithelial breast cells may exist while no histological trace of cancer cells was observed. Further research on CAFs could provide valuable insights into the local recurrence of malignant breast diseases. Hence, real-time sensors can be used to detect and investigate CAFs in the non-tumoral regions surrounding tumors in cancer patients, potentially aiding in the prevention of cancer recurrence.