{"title":"Solar-activated tin oxide photocatalysis for efficient naphthenic acids removal and toxicity reduction in oil sands process water","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jece.2024.114168","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research studied, for the first time, the effect of activating tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) under simulated solar light for treating real oil sands process water (OSPW). The solar/SnO<sub>2</sub> system effectively eliminated fluorophore organic contaminants, classical naphthenic acids (O<sub>2</sub>-NAs), and oxidized NAs (Oxy-NAs) from OSPW. The best experimental conditions to remove over 90 % of O<sub>2</sub>-NAs were found to be 0.5 g/L SnO<sub>2</sub> under 8 h of irradiation. HO<sup>•</sup> and O<sub>2</sub><sup>•–</sup> species identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis played an important role in the degradation of NAs and other contaminants in real OSPW. The initial toxic effects of untreated OSPW were noticeably reduced after treatment, with a reduction of approximately 50 % in acute toxicity using Microtox® bioassay and over 80 % in the level of bioavailable hydrocarbons. In addition, the process also demonstrated a significant reduction in immunotoxicity as measured using an immune cell bioassay and reduced the toxic effects on <em>Staphylococcus warneri</em> using an adapted bacterial minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) viability assay. These results suggest that treated OSPW by SnO<sub>2</sub> under solar light has high environmental compatibility, indicating it is safe for reuse in further applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15759,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724022991/pdfft?md5=a42d80dd7e3bf6971d56c06181e86665&pid=1-s2.0-S2213343724022991-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343724022991","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This research studied, for the first time, the effect of activating tin oxide (SnO2) under simulated solar light for treating real oil sands process water (OSPW). The solar/SnO2 system effectively eliminated fluorophore organic contaminants, classical naphthenic acids (O2-NAs), and oxidized NAs (Oxy-NAs) from OSPW. The best experimental conditions to remove over 90 % of O2-NAs were found to be 0.5 g/L SnO2 under 8 h of irradiation. HO• and O2•– species identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis played an important role in the degradation of NAs and other contaminants in real OSPW. The initial toxic effects of untreated OSPW were noticeably reduced after treatment, with a reduction of approximately 50 % in acute toxicity using Microtox® bioassay and over 80 % in the level of bioavailable hydrocarbons. In addition, the process also demonstrated a significant reduction in immunotoxicity as measured using an immune cell bioassay and reduced the toxic effects on Staphylococcus warneri using an adapted bacterial minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) viability assay. These results suggest that treated OSPW by SnO2 under solar light has high environmental compatibility, indicating it is safe for reuse in further applications.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering (JECE) serves as a platform for the dissemination of original and innovative research focusing on the advancement of environmentally-friendly, sustainable technologies. JECE emphasizes the transition towards a carbon-neutral circular economy and a self-sufficient bio-based economy. Topics covered include soil, water, wastewater, and air decontamination; pollution monitoring, prevention, and control; advanced analytics, sensors, impact and risk assessment methodologies in environmental chemical engineering; resource recovery (water, nutrients, materials, energy); industrial ecology; valorization of waste streams; waste management (including e-waste); climate-water-energy-food nexus; novel materials for environmental, chemical, and energy applications; sustainability and environmental safety; water digitalization, water data science, and machine learning; process integration and intensification; recent developments in green chemistry for synthesis, catalysis, and energy; and original research on contaminants of emerging concern, persistent chemicals, and priority substances, including microplastics, nanoplastics, nanomaterials, micropollutants, antimicrobial resistance genes, and emerging pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) of environmental significance.