Psoas muscle cross sectional area relates to bone density and microarchitecture in candidates for spine fusion surgery

Abstract

Prior studies demonstrate that muscle and bone health are integrally related, and both independently impact orthopedic surgery outcomes. However, relationships between bone density, in vivo microarchitecture, and muscle area have not been previously investigated in orthopedic surgery patients. This study assessed associations between psoas cross sectional area (CSA), bone mineral density (BMD), and microstructure in a cohort undergoing spine fusion. Pre-operatively, bilateral psoas CSA was measured on axial lumbar spine CT in the L3-L4 disc space. To adjust for body size, Psoas Muscle Index (PMI) was calculated (CSA divided by the square of patient height). High resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT, XtremeCT2) assessed volumetric BMD (vBMD), cortical (Ct) and trabecular (Tb) microarchitecture at the distal radius and tibia. Areal BMD (aBMD) was measured by DXA at the lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH), femoral neck (FN), and the 1/3 radius (1/3R). Pearson correlations related psoas CSA and bone imaging parameters before and after correcting for height and weight. Among 88 patients included, mean age was 63 ± 12 years, BMI was 28 ± 7 kg/m², 47 (53 %) were female. Larger psoas CSA was associated with higher vBMD, greater Ct thickness and better Tb microarchitecture (higher Tb number and lower Tb separation) at the tibia and radius. Larger psoas CSA was also associated with greater aBMD at TH and FN bilaterally and 1/3R (r 0.33 to 0.61; p < 0.002 for all comparisons). Psoas CSA was not associated with aBMD at the LS. Similar results were observed when relating PMI, and adjusting for age, height and weight to HR-pQCT and DXA measurements. Investigation of subgroups by sex demonstrated that relationships were similar magnitude among women but not the men. Patients who underwent primary compared to revision spine surgery had similar associations. Our results demonstrate a link between psoas muscle size and peripheral bone microarchitecture among patients undergoing posterior lumbar spinal fusion. Given the importance of both muscle and skeletal integrity to the success of spine surgery, further study regarding the associations between measurements of psoas muscle, bone microarchitecture, and surgical outcomes is warranted.