Bioengineering nanomaterials for tumor therapy and anti-metastasis

Abstract

Tumor metastasis, responsible for the majority of cancer-related mortality, represents a critical challenge to effective treatment. Despite the deployment of various therapeutic strategies, difficulties remain due to tumor heterogeneity and the complexity of the biological microenvironment. Functional nanomaterials possess unique acoustic, optical, electromagnetic, and thermal properties, playing critical tools in the treatment of tumors and holding substantial potential for improving therapeutic outcomes. However, prior to clinical implementation, critical factors such as dispersion, targeting, immunogenicity, in vivo biodistribution, and biosafety must be thoroughly evaluated. In this review, we focus on the recent advancements in the use of bioengineered nanomaterials for treating tumor metastasis. We emphasize the design, composition, and construction methods of these nanomaterials, along with their mechanisms of action and notable breakthroughs in anti-metastasis therapy. Furthermore, we outline early detection techniques for tumor metastasis. By elucidating the significant potential of these nanomaterials, the associated challenges and prospects for clinical translation are discussed as well, with the aim of encouraging high-quality research and promoting the potential clinical applications of bioengineered nanomaterials in the fight against tumor metastasis.