Radiative signatures of circumplanetary disks and envelopes during the late stages of giant planet formation

IF 2.5 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Icarus Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116327
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Abstract

During the late stages of giant planet formation, protoplanets are surrounded by a circumplanetary disk and an infalling envelope of gas and dust. For systems with sufficient cooling, material entering the sphere of influence of the planet falls inward and approaches ballistic conditions. Due to conservation of angular momentum, most of the incoming material falls onto the disk rather than directly onto the planet. This paper determines the spectral energy distributions of forming planets in this stage of evolution. Generalizing previous work, we consider a range of possible geometries for the boundary conditions of the infall and determine the two-dimensional structure of the envelope, as well as the surface density of the disk. After specifying the luminosity sources for the planet and disk, we calculate the corresponding radiative signatures for the system, including the emergent spectral energy distributions and emission maps. These results show how the observational appearance of forming planets depend on the input parameters, including the instantaneous mass, mass accretion rate, semimajor axis of the orbit, and the planetary magnetic field strength (which sets the inner boundary condition for the disk). We also consider different choices for the form of the opacity law and attenuation due to the background circumstellar disk. Although observing forming planets will be challenging, these results show how the observational signatures depend on the underlying properties of the planet/disk/envelope system.
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巨行星形成后期环行星盘和包层的辐射特征
在巨行星形成的后期阶段,原行星被一个环行星盘和一个由气体和尘埃组成的内陷包层所包围。对于冷却充分的系统来说,进入行星影响范围的物质会向内坠落,接近弹道条件。由于角动量守恒,大部分进入的物质都落在星盘上,而不是直接落在行星上。本文确定了正在形成的行星在这一演化阶段的光谱能量分布。在前人工作的基础上,我们考虑了一系列可能的内坠边界条件几何图形,并确定了包层的二维结构以及圆盘的表面密度。在确定了行星和圆盘的光源之后,我们计算了系统的相应辐射特征,包括出现的光谱能量分布和发射图。这些结果表明了正在形成的行星的观测外观如何取决于输入参数,包括瞬时质量、质量增殖率、轨道半长轴和行星磁场强度(为圆盘设定内部边界条件)。我们还考虑了不透明性定律形式的不同选择以及背景周星盘造成的衰减。尽管观测正在形成的行星是一项挑战,但这些结果表明观测特征如何取决于行星/磁盘/包络系统的基本特性。
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来源期刊
Icarus
Icarus 地学天文-天文与天体物理
CiteScore
6.30
自引率
18.80%
发文量
356
审稿时长
2-4 weeks
期刊介绍: Icarus is devoted to the publication of original contributions in the field of Solar System studies. Manuscripts reporting the results of new research - observational, experimental, or theoretical - concerning the astronomy, geology, meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology, and other scientific aspects of our Solar System or extrasolar systems are welcome. The journal generally does not publish papers devoted exclusively to the Sun, the Earth, celestial mechanics, meteoritics, or astrophysics. Icarus does not publish papers that provide "improved" versions of Bode''s law, or other numerical relations, without a sound physical basis. Icarus does not publish meeting announcements or general notices. Reviews, historical papers, and manuscripts describing spacecraft instrumentation may be considered, but only with prior approval of the editor. An entire issue of the journal is occasionally devoted to a single subject, usually arising from a conference on the same topic. The language of publication is English. American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these.
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