Deciphering the intricacies of immune system dysfunction and its impact on diabetes mellitus: Revisiting the communication strategies to manage diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic condition, accounting for over 90% of diabetes cases globally, characterized by insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycemia. Beyond metabolic dysfunction, T2DM is associated with significant immune system alterations, including impaired macrophage, neutrophil, and natural killer cell functions. These immune dysfunctions contribute to increased susceptibility to infections, inflammation, and complications in diabetic individuals. Chronic hyperglycemia triggers an inflammatory response that weakens the body's immune defenses, further complicating disease management. This review delves into the intricate interplay between T2DM and the immune system, emphasizing how immune cell dysfunction exacerbates insulin resistance and impacts infection control. It also explores the role of pro-inflammatory markers and cellular responses in T2DM pathophysiology. Additionally, the article examines innovative strategies for managing T2DM, such as personalized medicine, telemedicine, and artificial intelligence. Personalized medicine tailors treatment to individual genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, while telemedicine facilitates remote monitoring and care. Artificial intelligence aids in early detection, personalized treatment plans, and enhanced patient management. By addressing both immune system alterations and advanced management strategies, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of T2DM and advocates for a more integrated approach to improve outcomes and patient care.