Hydride and halide abstraction reactions behind the enhanced basicity of Be and Mg clusters with nitrogen bases

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the protonation effects on the structure, relative stability and basicity of complexes formed by the interaction of monomers and dimers of BeX₂ and MgX₂ (X = H, F) with NH₃, CH₂NH, HCN, and NC₅H₅ bases. Calculations were performed using the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ formalism, along with QTAIM, ELF and NCI methods for electron density analysis and MBIE and LMO-EDA energy decomposition analyses for interaction enthalpies. The protonation of the MH₂– and M₂H₄–Base complexes occurs at the negatively charged hydrogen atoms of the MH₂ and M₂H₄ moieties through typical hydride abstraction reactions, while protonation at the N atom of the base is systematically less exothermic. The preference for the hydride transfer mechanism is directly associated with the significant exothermicity of H₂ formation through the interaction between H⁻ and H⁺, and the high hydride donor ability of these complexes. The basicity of both, MH₂ and M₂H₄ compounds increases enormously upon association with the corresponding bases, with the increase exceeding 40 orders of magnitude in terms of ionization constants. Due to the smaller exothermicity of HF formation, the basicity of fluorides is lower than that of hydrides. In Be complexes, the protonation at the N atom of the base dominates over the fluoride abstraction mechanism. However, for the Mg complexes the fluoride abstraction mechanism is energetically the most favorable process, reflecting the greater facility of Mg complexes to lose F⁻.