Thermal and entropy analysis of ternary hybrid nanofluid using Keller Box method

Abstract

This research investigates the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a ternary hybrid nanofluid in a rotating system between two parallel stretching surfaces. It examines the impact of nanoparticle shape factor and irreversibility on suspensions containing Al${}_2$O${}_3$, CuO, and ZnO nanoparticles in water. Different physical and thermal conditions are taken into account, such as porous medium, suction/injection, radiation, heat source/sink, variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. Ternary hybrid nanofluids exhibit better thermophysical stability and performance than traditional nanofluids. The application of ternary hybrid nanofluids in rotating systems with two parallel stretching surfaces has industrial applications such as material treatment, manufacturing processes, and cooling systems. By introducing similarity variables, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations, which are then solved numerically using the Keller Box Method based on implicit finite differences. The study finds that as the viscosity parameter increases, there is a decrease in fluid velocity and an increase in temperature. Additionally, increasing values of radiation and thermal conductivity parameter lead to enhanced temperature and entropy generation rate. The entropy generation rate is higher for platelet-shaped nanoparticles and lower for spherical-shaped nanoparticles. Platelet shapes exhibit lower friction during suction and injection, while spherical shapes exhibit higher friction. Furthermore, the heat transfer rates of ternary hybrid nanofluids containing sphere, brick, cylinder, platelet, and blade-shaped nanoparticles suspended in water are 3.27%, 6.41%, 11.14%, 13.56%, and 14.20%, respectively, when injection is performed at the top surface of the sheet. For suction, the heat transfer rates are 16.91% for the sphere, 19.48% for the brick, 23.83% for the cylinder, 26.84% for the platelet, and 39.69% for the blade.