Task-guided attention increases non-linearity of steady-state visually evoked potentials.

Asaf Harel, Oren Shriki
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Abstract

Objective.Attention is a multifaceted cognitive process, with nonlinear dynamics playing a crucial role. We investigated the involvement of nonlinear processes in top-down visual attention.Approach.The research paradigm employed a contrast-modulated sequence of letters and numerals, encircled by a consistently flickering white square on a black background-a setup that generated steady-state visually evoked potentials. Nonlinear processes are recognized for eliciting and modulating the harmonics of constant frequencies. Using the rhythmic entrainment source separation technique, we examined the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of each stimulus to evaluate the underlying nonlinear dynamics during stimulus processing.Main results.In line with prior research, our findings indicate that the power spectrum density of electroencephalogram responses is influenced by both task presence and stimulus contrast. We discovered that actively searching for a target within a letter stream heightened the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and harmonics related to the background flickering stimulus. While the fundamental frequency amplitude remained unaffected by the stimulus contrast, a lower contrast led to an increase in the second harmonic's amplitude. We assessed the relationship between the contrast response function and the nonlinear-based harmonic responses.Significance.Our findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the nonlinear processes impacting top-down visual attention.

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任务引导的注意力会增加稳态视觉诱发电位的非线性。
注意力是一个多方面的认知过程,其中非线性动态过程起着至关重要的作用。在这项研究中,我们采用了一个对比度调制的字母和数字序列,其周围是黑底上持续闪烁的白色方块--这种设置能产生稳态视觉诱发电位,从而研究了非线性过程在自上而下视觉注意中的参与情况。非线性过程被认为可以激发和调制恒定频率的谐波。我们检查了每个刺激的基频和谐波频率,以评估刺激处理过程中潜在的非线性动态。与之前的研究一致,我们的研究结果表明,脑电图反应的功率谱密度受到任务存在和刺激对比度的影响。通过使用节奏性伴音源分离(RESS)技术,我们发现在字母流中主动搜索目标会提高基频和与背景闪烁刺激相关的谐波的振幅。虽然基频振幅不受刺激对比度的影响,但对比度越低,二次谐波的振幅就越大。我们评估了对比度反应函数与基于非线性的谐波反应之间的关系。我们的研究结果有助于人们更细致地了解影响自上而下视觉注意力的非线性过程,同时也为优化脑机接口提供了启示。
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