Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies.

IF 7.4 2区 医学 Q1 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Current Environmental Health Reports Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI:10.1007/s40572-024-00462-7
Di Zhao, Peng Wang, Fang-Jie Zhao
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Abstract

Purpose of review: Exposure to toxic metals/metalloids, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), through food consumption is a global public health concern. This review examines the contamination status of these metals/metalloids in food, assesses dietary intake across different populations, and proposes strategies to reduce metal/metalloid exposures throughout the food chain.

Recent findings: For the general population, dietary intake of metals/metalloids is generally lower than health-based guidance values. However, for vulnerable populations, such as infants, children, and pregnant women, their dietary intake levels are close to or even higher than the guidance values. Among different food categories, seafood shows higher total As, but largely present as organic species. Rice accumulates higher As concentration than other cereals, with inorganic As (iAs) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) being the main As species. Methylated thioarsenate species, such as dimethylmonothioarsenate, have also been detected in rice. The distribution of iAs and DMA in rice shows geographical variation. Additionally, seafood and cocoa products generally contain more Cd than other food, but seafood consumption does not significantly increase in adverse health effects due to its high zinc and iron content. Compared to As and Cd, Pb concentrations in food are generally lower. To minimize the health risks of metal/metalloid exposure, several strategies are proposed. Food contamination with toxic metals/metalloids poses significant concerns for human health, particularly for vulnerable populations. This review provides scientific evidence and suggestions for policy makers to reduce human exposure of metals/metalloids via dietary intake.

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食品中的有毒金属和类金属:现状、健康风险和缓解策略》。
审查目的:通过食物摄入有毒金属/类金属,如砷(As)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb),是一个全球性的公共健康问题。本综述研究了食物中这些金属/类金属的污染状况,评估了不同人群的膳食摄入量,并提出了减少整个食物链中金属/类金属暴露的策略:最新研究结果:对于普通人群来说,金属/类金属的膳食摄入量通常低于基于健康的指导值。然而,对于弱势群体,如婴儿、儿童和孕妇,他们的膳食摄入量接近甚至高于指导值。在各类食物中,海产品的砷总量较高,但主要以有机物的形式存在。与其他谷物相比,大米积累的砷浓度较高,主要砷种类为无机砷(iAs)和二甲基砷酸(DMA)。水稻中还检测到甲基化的硫代砷酸盐种类,如二甲基单硫代砷酸盐。iAs 和 DMA 在大米中的分布存在地域差异。此外,海产品和可可制品的镉含量通常高于其他食物,但由于海产品的锌和铁含量较高,因此食用海产品不会明显增加对健康的不良影响。与砷和镉相比,食品中的铅含量一般较低。为尽量减少摄入金属/类金属对健康的危害,提出了几种策略。有毒金属/类金属的食品污染对人类健康,尤其是弱势群体的健康,构成了严重的威胁。本综述为决策者提供了科学证据和建议,以减少人类通过膳食摄入金属/类金属的风险。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
13.60
自引率
1.30%
发文量
47
期刊介绍: Current Environmental Health Reports provides up-to-date expert reviews in environmental health. The goal is to evaluate and synthesize original research in all disciplines relevant for environmental health sciences, including basic research, clinical research, epidemiology, and environmental policy.
期刊最新文献
Mechanisms of Metal-Induced Hepatic Inflammation. Carcinogenic Mechanisms of Hexavalent Chromium: From DNA Breaks to Chromosome Instability and Neoplastic Transformation. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Food: Current Status, Health Risks, and Mitigation Strategies. Using Geovisualizations to Educate the Public About Environmental Health Hazards: What Works and Why. Correction: Tear Fluid as a Matrix for Biomonitoring Environmental and Chemical Exposures.
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