Torture and its sequelae among prostituted women in the United States.

IF 4.2 2区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY European Journal of Psychotraumatology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-01 DOI:10.1080/20008066.2024.2404307
Melissa Farley, M Alexis Kennedy
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Abstract

Background: Extreme violence and psychological abuse have been extensively documented and are pervasive in prostitution. Survivors of prostitution report high levels of posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociation, depression, and self-loathing. These are the same sequelae reported by torture survivors.Objective: Severe forms of violence have been categorized as torture by experts. The authors note that torture is commonly suffered during prostitution and should be appropriately named.Method: Using standardized measures and including a new measure of torture, we interviewed 45 women in the United States about their torture experiences in prostitution and their symptoms of PTSD, dissociation, childhood trauma, health status and somatic symptoms. The interviewees had exited prostitution and were in supportive programmes.Results: Formerly prostituted interviewees reported acts of physical, sexual, and psychological torture, including strangulation, rape, beatings, restriction of movement, denial of privacy, sleep, or food, and being forced to witness the torture of others. The 45 women had high levels of PTSD and dissociation. They endorsed needs for individual counselling, substance abuse treatment, and other medical care.Conclusions: A recognition of the physical, sexual, and psychological torture experienced in prostitution would strengthen psychological and medical interventions for survivors. Naming specific acts of prostitution as torture will reduce the survivor's shame and self-blame. Holistic treatment includes medical and psychological interventions and peer support, as seen in torture rehabilitation programmes for survivors of state-sponsored torture. This research supports the perspective that private or non-state-sponsored torture against women and marginalized populations should be clinically and legally understood in the same way as state-sponsored torture.

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美国卖淫妇女遭受的酷刑及其后遗症。
背景:极端暴力和心理虐待已被广泛记录在案,并在卖淫活动中普遍存在。据卖淫幸存者报告,他们患有严重的创伤后应激障碍、解离症、抑郁症和自我厌恶。这些与酷刑幸存者报告的后遗症相同:专家将严重的暴力形式归类为酷刑。作者指出,酷刑通常是在卖淫过程中遭受的,因此应予以适当命名:我们采用标准化的测量方法,包括一种新的酷刑测量方法,对美国的 45 名妇女进行了访谈,了解她们在卖淫过程中遭受酷刑的经历,以及她们的创伤后应激障碍、解离、童年创伤、健康状况和躯体症状。受访者已退出卖淫业,并参加了支持性项目:结果:曾经卖淫的受访者报告了遭受身体、性和心理折磨的经历,包括勒颈、强奸、殴打、限制行动、剥夺隐私、睡眠或食物,以及被迫目睹他人遭受折磨。这 45 名妇女患有严重的创伤后应激障碍和分离症。她们表示需要个人咨询、药物滥用治疗和其他医疗护理:结论:认识到卖淫过程中经历的身体、性和心理折磨将加强对幸存者的心理和医疗干预。将具体的卖淫行为称为酷刑将减少幸存者的羞耻感和自责感。整体治疗包括医疗和心理干预以及同伴支持,这在针对国家支持的酷刑幸存者的酷刑康复计划中可见一斑。这项研究支持这样一种观点,即针对妇女和边缘化人群的私人或非国家支持的酷刑应与国家支持的酷刑一样得到临床和法律上的理解。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.60
自引率
12.00%
发文量
153
审稿时长
18 weeks
期刊介绍: The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) is a peer-reviewed open access interdisciplinary journal owned by the European Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS). The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) aims to engage scholars, clinicians and researchers in the vital issues of how to understand, prevent and treat the consequences of stress and trauma, including but not limited to, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorders, substance abuse, burnout, and neurobiological or physical consequences, using the latest research or clinical experience in these areas. The journal shares ESTSS’ mission to advance and disseminate scientific knowledge about traumatic stress. Papers may address individual events, repeated or chronic (complex) trauma, large scale disasters, or violence. Being open access, the European Journal of Psychotraumatology is also evidence of ESTSS’ stand on free accessibility of research publications to a wider community via the web. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology seeks to attract contributions from academics and practitioners from diverse professional backgrounds, including, but not restricted to, those in mental health, social sciences, and health and welfare services. Contributions from outside Europe are welcome. The journal welcomes original basic and clinical research articles that consolidate and expand the theoretical and professional basis of the field of traumatic stress; Review articles including meta-analyses; short communications presenting new ideas or early-stage promising research; study protocols that describe proposed or ongoing research; case reports examining a single individual or event in a real‑life context; clinical practice papers sharing experience from the clinic; letters to the Editor debating articles already published in the Journal; inaugural Lectures; conference abstracts and book reviews. Both quantitative and qualitative research is welcome.
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