{"title":"How maternal factors shape the immune system of breastfed infants to alleviate food allergy: A systematic and updated review.","authors":"Yuhong Wu, Bihua Chen, Huan Wu, Jinyan Gao, Xuanyi Meng, Hongbing Chen","doi":"10.1111/imm.13864","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>What infants eat early in life may shape the immune system and have long-standing consequences on the health of the host during later life. In the early months post-birth, breast milk serves as the exclusive and optimal nourishment for infants, facilitating crucial molecular exchanges between mother and infant. Recent advances have uncovered that some maternal factors influence breastfed infant outcomes, including the risk of food allergy (FA). To date, accumulated data show that breastfed infants have a lower risk of FA. However, the issue remains disputed, some reported preventive allergy effects, while others did not confirm such effects, or if identified, protective effects were limited to early childhood. The disputed outcomes may be attributed to the maternal status, as it determines the compounds of the breast milk that breastfed infants are exposed to. In this review, we first detail the compounds in breast milk and their roles in infant FA. Then, we present maternal factors resulting in alterations in breast milk compounds, such as maternal health status, maternal diet intake, and maternal food allergen intake, which subsequently impact FA in breastfed infants. Finally, we analyze how these compounds in breast milk alleviated the infant FA by mother-to-infant transmission. Altogether, the mechanisms are primarily linked to the synergetic and direct effects of compounds in breast milk, via promoting the colonization of gut microbiota and the development of the immune system in infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":13508,"journal":{"name":"Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Immunology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13864","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
What infants eat early in life may shape the immune system and have long-standing consequences on the health of the host during later life. In the early months post-birth, breast milk serves as the exclusive and optimal nourishment for infants, facilitating crucial molecular exchanges between mother and infant. Recent advances have uncovered that some maternal factors influence breastfed infant outcomes, including the risk of food allergy (FA). To date, accumulated data show that breastfed infants have a lower risk of FA. However, the issue remains disputed, some reported preventive allergy effects, while others did not confirm such effects, or if identified, protective effects were limited to early childhood. The disputed outcomes may be attributed to the maternal status, as it determines the compounds of the breast milk that breastfed infants are exposed to. In this review, we first detail the compounds in breast milk and their roles in infant FA. Then, we present maternal factors resulting in alterations in breast milk compounds, such as maternal health status, maternal diet intake, and maternal food allergen intake, which subsequently impact FA in breastfed infants. Finally, we analyze how these compounds in breast milk alleviated the infant FA by mother-to-infant transmission. Altogether, the mechanisms are primarily linked to the synergetic and direct effects of compounds in breast milk, via promoting the colonization of gut microbiota and the development of the immune system in infants.
婴儿生命早期的饮食可能会塑造其免疫系统,并对宿主日后的健康产生长期影响。在婴儿出生后的最初几个月里,母乳是婴儿唯一的最佳营养品,促进了母婴之间重要的分子交换。最近的研究发现,一些母亲因素会影响母乳喂养婴儿的结果,包括食物过敏(FA)的风险。迄今为止,积累的数据显示,母乳喂养的婴儿患食物过敏症的风险较低。然而,这一问题仍存在争议,一些研究报告称母乳喂养具有预防过敏的作用,而另一些研究则没有证实母乳喂养具有这种作用,或者即使证实了母乳喂养具有保护作用,也仅限于幼儿期。这些有争议的结果可能归因于母亲的状况,因为这决定了母乳喂养的婴儿所接触到的母乳中的化合物。在本综述中,我们首先详细介绍了母乳中的化合物及其在婴儿 FA 中的作用。然后,我们介绍了导致母乳化合物变化的母体因素,如母体健康状况、母体饮食摄入量和母体食物过敏原摄入量,这些因素随后会影响母乳喂养婴儿的 FA。最后,我们分析了母乳中的这些化合物如何通过母婴传播减轻婴儿的 FA。总之,这些机制主要与母乳中的化合物通过促进婴儿肠道微生物群的定植和免疫系统的发育而产生的协同和直接效应有关。
期刊介绍:
Immunology is one of the longest-established immunology journals and is recognised as one of the leading journals in its field. We have global representation in authors, editors and reviewers.
Immunology publishes papers describing original findings in all areas of cellular and molecular immunology. High-quality original articles describing mechanistic insights into fundamental aspects of the immune system are welcome. Topics of interest to the journal include: immune cell development, cancer immunology, systems immunology/omics and informatics, inflammation, immunometabolism, immunology of infection, microbiota and immunity, mucosal immunology, and neuroimmunology.
The journal also publishes commissioned review articles on subjects of topical interest to immunologists, and commissions in-depth review series: themed sets of review articles which take a 360° view of select topics at the heart of immunological research.