The Palomar twilight survey of ‘Ayló’chaxnim, Atiras, and comets

IF 2.5 2区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Icarus Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116333
B.T. Bolin , F.J. Masci , M.W. Coughlin , D.A. Duev , Ž. Ivezić , R.L. Jones , P. Yoachim , T. Ahumada , V. Bhalerao , H. Choudhary , C. Contreras , Y.-C. Cheng , C.M. Copperwheat , K. Deshmukh , C. Fremling , M. Granvik , K.K. Hardegree-Ullman , A.Y.Q. Ho , R. Jedicke , M. Kasliwal , V. Swain
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Abstract

Near-sun sky twilight observations allow for the detection of asteroids interior to the orbit of Venus (Aylos) and the Earth (Atiras) and comets. We present the results of observations with the Palomar 48-inch telescope (P48)/Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) camera in 30 s r-band exposures taken during evening astronomical twilight from 2019 Sep 20 to 2022 March 7 and during morning astronomical twilight sky from 2019 Sep 21 to 2022 Sep 29. More than 21,940 exposures were taken in evening astronomical twilight within 31° and 66° from the Sun with an r-band limiting magnitude between 18.0 and 20.8 (5th to 95th percentile), and more than 24,370 exposures were taken in morning astronomical twilight within 31° and 65° from the Sun with an r-band limiting magnitude between 18.2 and 20.9 (5th to 95th percentile). The morning and evening twilight pointings show a slight seasonal dependence in limiting magnitude and ability to point closer towards the Sun, with limiting magnitude improving by 0.5 magnitudes during the summer months and Sun-centric angular distances as small as 31–32° during the spring and fall months. In total, the one Aylo, (594913) ‘Ayló’chaxnim, and 4 Atiras, 2020 OV1, 2021 BS1, 2021 PB2, and 2021 VR3, were discovered in evening and morning twilight observations. Additional twilight survey discoveries also include 6 long period comets: C/2020 T2, C/2020 V2, C/2021 D2, C/2021 E3, C/2022 E3 and C/2022 P3, and two short period comets: P/2021 N1 and P/2022 P2 using deep learning comet detection pipelines. The P48/ZTF twilight survey also recovered 11 known Atiras, one Aylo, three short period comes, two long period comets, one interstellar object, 45,536 Main Belt asteroids, and 265 near-Earth objects. Additionally, observations from the GROWTH network of telescopes were used to recover the Aylo, Atira, and comet discoveries made during the ZTF twilight survey. Lastly, we discuss the future twilight surveys for the discovery of Aylos such as with the Vera Rubin Observatory which will have a twilight survey starting in its first year of operations and will cover the sky as within 45 degrees from the Sun. Twilight surveys such as those by ZTF and future surveys will provide opportunities for the discovery of asteroids inside the orbits of the terrestrial planets that would otherwise be unavailable in conventional sky survey observations.
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帕洛玛'Ayló'chaxnim、阿蒂拉斯和彗星的黄昏观测
近太阳天空黄昏观测可以探测金星(Aylos)和地球(Atiras)轨道内部的小行星以及彗星。我们展示了帕洛玛48英寸望远镜(P48)/兹威基瞬变设施(ZTF)照相机在2019年9月20日至2022年3月7日傍晚天文黄昏和2019年9月21日至2022年9月29日早晨天文黄昏天空中30秒r波段曝光的观测结果。在距太阳31°和66°范围内的傍晚天文黄昏拍摄了21,940多次曝光,r波段极限星等在18.0到20.8之间(第5到第95百分位数);在距太阳31°和65°范围内的清晨天文黄昏拍摄了24,370多次曝光,r波段极限星等在18.2到20.9之间(第5到第95百分位数)。晨昏指向显示,极限星等和指向太阳的能力有轻微的季节性,在夏季,极限星等提高了 0.5 等,在春季和秋季,以太阳为中心的角距离小至 31-32°。在傍晚和清晨的黄昏观测中,总共发现了1颗艾洛(594913)'Ayló'chaxnim和4颗阿蒂拉(2020 OV1、2021 BS1、2021 PB2和2021 VR3)。其他黄昏观测发现还包括 6 颗长周期彗星:C/2020 T2、C/2020 V2、C/2021 D2、C/2021 E3、C/2022 E3 和 C/2022 P3,以及两颗短周期彗星:以及两颗短周期彗星:P/2021 N1 和 P/2022 P2。P48/ZTF 黄昏巡天还发现了 11 颗已知的阿蒂拉星、1 颗艾洛星、3 颗短周期彗星、2 颗长周期彗星、1 颗星际天体、45,536 颗主带小行星和 265 颗近地天体。此外,我们还利用 GROWTH 望远镜网络的观测数据来恢复在 ZTF 黄昏巡天中发现的 Aylo、Atira 和彗星。最后,我们讨论了未来为发现艾洛而进行的黄昏巡天,例如维拉-鲁宾天文台(Vera Rubin Observatory)将在其运行的第一年开始进行黄昏巡天,巡天范围为距离太阳45度以内的天空。像 ZTF 这样的黄昏巡天和未来的巡天将为发现地球行星轨道内的小行星提供机会,否则常规巡天观测将无法发现这些小行星。
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来源期刊
Icarus
Icarus 地学天文-天文与天体物理
CiteScore
6.30
自引率
18.80%
发文量
356
审稿时长
2-4 weeks
期刊介绍: Icarus is devoted to the publication of original contributions in the field of Solar System studies. Manuscripts reporting the results of new research - observational, experimental, or theoretical - concerning the astronomy, geology, meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology, and other scientific aspects of our Solar System or extrasolar systems are welcome. The journal generally does not publish papers devoted exclusively to the Sun, the Earth, celestial mechanics, meteoritics, or astrophysics. Icarus does not publish papers that provide "improved" versions of Bode''s law, or other numerical relations, without a sound physical basis. Icarus does not publish meeting announcements or general notices. Reviews, historical papers, and manuscripts describing spacecraft instrumentation may be considered, but only with prior approval of the editor. An entire issue of the journal is occasionally devoted to a single subject, usually arising from a conference on the same topic. The language of publication is English. American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these.
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