Vinyl-functionalized covalent organic framework via tuning π-conjugation effectively promotes photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show great potential in photocatalytic water splitting. However, it is still crucial to explore the effect of π-conjugation of COFs on photocatalytic performance. Here, a series of COFs with different degrees of conjugation (DHTA-BD COF, DHTA-STP COF, DHTA-AZO COF) have been investigated through the synergistic effect of varying the planarity and π electronic structures. The results show that the vinyl-functionalized DHTA-STP COF achieves an excellent photocatalytic hydrogen generation rate of 16.1 mmol g¹h⁻¹ under visible light conditions, 4.3 times higher than the DHTA-BD COF, and the hydrogen production of the DHTA-AZO COF is extremely low under the same test conditions. Moreover, the synergistic effect of the smaller dihedral angle and ordered π electronic structures with the introduction of vinyl structure in DHTA-STP COF leads to a higher degree of conjugation, facilitating π delocalization efficiency and promoting the redistribution of charges. Experimental and theoretical calculations have demonstrated that DHTA-STP COF is a promising photoactive semiconductor with the strongest photocurrent, the smallest impedance, the narrowest electronic bandgap, and the strongest separation ability of electron-hole pairs. This finding provides guidance for introducing appropriate conjugated units into COFs to improve the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency.