Re-thinking human interactions with the oceans.

Abstract

Earth's marine ecosystems are changing rapidly, in large part owing to the damaging effects of human activities. Unless humans find better ways of interacting with the seas and oceans, the marine resources upon which we rely will diminish as more ecosystems collapse. The consequences for human health and wellbeing will be severe. The meta-discipline of Oceans and Human Health has catalogued how the oceans and their constituents benefit human lives. Examples include access to seafood, pharmaceuticals and physical and mental health benefits. This interdisciplinary research effort has also revealed how the integrated impact of anthropogenic activities has disrupted ocean processes resulting in extensive losses of marine biodiversity, increasing chemical and microbial pollution, proliferation of harmful algal blooms and increased coastal inundation, all of which threaten human populations. In response, non-governmental organizations and national governments have established various agreements and treaties to prevent further damage, restore what has been lost and grasp new economic opportunities. Nevertheless, ocean-related risks continue to escalate rapidly in the absence of political commitment. New thinking regarding the interconnectedness of all human/ocean interactions is required to remove the barriers and impediments that hamper tackling the wicked problem of fostering health and wellbeing while achieving ocean sustainability.