Lucas Del Mouro,Rudy Lerosey-Aubril,Joseph Botting,Robert Coleman,Robert R Gaines,Jacob Skabelund,James C Weaver,Javier Ortega-Hernández
Modern poriferans are classified into four classes-Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida and Homoscleromorpha-the recognition of which in fossil specimens almost exclusively relies on spicule morphology and arrangement. Early fossil representatives of the phylum Porifera are morphologically diverse, and many of them problematically display characteristics that are incompatible with the classification scheme developed for modern taxa. Critically, hexactine spicules-a diagnostic feature of hexactinellids among modern taxa-are found in various Cambrian and Ordovician taxa that cannot be accommodated within the hexactinellid body plan. Here we describe a new poriferan from the Drumian Marjum Formation of Utah, Polygoniella turrelli gen. et sp. nov., which exhibits a unique combination of complex anatomical features for a Cambrian form, including a syconoid-like organization, a thick body wall, and a multi-layered hexactin-based skeleton. The hexactinellid-like body wall architecture of this new species supports a Cambrian origin of the hexactinellid body plan and provides valuable insights into character evolution in early glass sponges.
{"title":"A new sponge from the Marjum Formation of Utah documents the Cambrian origin of the hexactinellid body plan.","authors":"Lucas Del Mouro,Rudy Lerosey-Aubril,Joseph Botting,Robert Coleman,Robert R Gaines,Jacob Skabelund,James C Weaver,Javier Ortega-Hernández","doi":"10.1098/rsos.231845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231845","url":null,"abstract":"Modern poriferans are classified into four classes-Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida and Homoscleromorpha-the recognition of which in fossil specimens almost exclusively relies on spicule morphology and arrangement. Early fossil representatives of the phylum Porifera are morphologically diverse, and many of them problematically display characteristics that are incompatible with the classification scheme developed for modern taxa. Critically, hexactine spicules-a diagnostic feature of hexactinellids among modern taxa-are found in various Cambrian and Ordovician taxa that cannot be accommodated within the hexactinellid body plan. Here we describe a new poriferan from the Drumian Marjum Formation of Utah, Polygoniella turrelli gen. et sp. nov., which exhibits a unique combination of complex anatomical features for a Cambrian form, including a syconoid-like organization, a thick body wall, and a multi-layered hexactin-based skeleton. The hexactinellid-like body wall architecture of this new species supports a Cambrian origin of the hexactinellid body plan and provides valuable insights into character evolution in early glass sponges.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has long been recognized that segments of the protein main chain are like robotic manipulators and inverse kinematics methods from robotics have been applied to model loops to bridge gaps in protein comparative modelling. The complex internal motion of a redundant manipulator with fixed ends is called a self-motion and its character is determined by the relative position of its ends. Self-motions that are topologically equivalent (homotopic) occupy the same continous region of the configuration space. Topologically inequivalent (non-homotopic) regions are separated by co-regular surfaces and crossing a co-regular surface can result in a sudden dramatic change in the character of the self-motion. It is shown, using a five-residue type I β-turn, that these concepts apply to protein segments and that as the ends of the five-residue segment come closer together, a co-regular surface is crossed, and the structure is locked in to becoming either a type I or type I' turn. It is also shown that the type II turn is topologically equivalent to the type I' turn, not the type I turn. These results have implications for both native-state protein dynamics and protein folding.
人们很早就认识到，蛋白质主链的片段就像机器人操纵器，机器人学中的逆运动学方法已被应用于环路建模，以弥补蛋白质比较建模的不足。具有固定末端的冗余机械手的复杂内部运动称为自运动，其特征由末端的相对位置决定。拓扑上等价（同位）的自运动占据构型空间的同一连续区域。拓扑上不等同（非同向）的区域被同规则表面隔开，穿过同规则表面会导致自运动特性的突然剧变。利用五残基 I 型 β 转折证明，这些概念适用于蛋白质片段，当五残基片段的两端靠得更近时，共规则表面被穿过，结构被锁定为 I 型或 I'型转折。研究还表明，II 型转折在拓扑学上等同于 I'型转折，而不是 I 型转折。这些结果对原生态蛋白质动力学和蛋白质折叠都有影响。
{"title":"Protein folding, protein dynamics and the topology of self-motions.","authors":"Steven Hayward","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240873","url":null,"abstract":"It has long been recognized that segments of the protein main chain are like robotic manipulators and inverse kinematics methods from robotics have been applied to model loops to bridge gaps in protein comparative modelling. The complex internal motion of a redundant manipulator with fixed ends is called a self-motion and its character is determined by the relative position of its ends. Self-motions that are topologically equivalent (homotopic) occupy the same continous region of the configuration space. Topologically inequivalent (non-homotopic) regions are separated by co-regular surfaces and crossing a co-regular surface can result in a sudden dramatic change in the character of the self-motion. It is shown, using a five-residue type I β-turn, that these concepts apply to protein segments and that as the ends of the five-residue segment come closer together, a co-regular surface is crossed, and the structure is locked in to becoming either a type I or type I' turn. It is also shown that the type II turn is topologically equivalent to the type I' turn, not the type I turn. These results have implications for both native-state protein dynamics and protein folding.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18eCollection Date: 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240274
Cameron Hird, Gáspár Jékely, Elizabeth A Williams
A free-swimming larval stage features in many marine invertebrate life cycles. To transition to a seafloor-dwelling juvenile stage, larvae need to settle out of the plankton, guided by specific environmental cues that lead them to an ideal habitat for their future life on the seafloor. Although the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii has been cultured in research laboratories since the 1950s and has a free-swimming larval stage, specific environmental cues that induce settlement in this nereid worm are yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate that microalgal biofilm is a key settlement cue for P. dumerilii larvae, inducing earlier onset of settlement and enhancing subsequent juvenile growth as a primary food source. We tested the settlement response of P. dumerilii to 40 different strains of microalgae, predominantly diatom species, finding that P. dumerilii have species-specific preferences in their choice of settlement substrate. The most effective diatom species for inducing P. dumerilii larval settlement were benthic pennate species including Grammatophora marina, Achnanthes brevipes and Nitzschia ovalis. The identification of specific environmental cues for P. dumerilii settlement enables a link between its ecology and the sensory and nervous system signalling that regulates larval behaviour and development. Incorporation of diatoms into P. dumerilii culture practices will improve the husbandry of this marine invertebrate model.
{"title":"Microalgal biofilm induces larval settlement in the model marine worm <i>Platynereis dumerilii</i>.","authors":"Cameron Hird, Gáspár Jékely, Elizabeth A Williams","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A free-swimming larval stage features in many marine invertebrate life cycles. To transition to a seafloor-dwelling juvenile stage, larvae need to settle out of the plankton, guided by specific environmental cues that lead them to an ideal habitat for their future life on the seafloor. Although the marine annelid <i>Platynereis dumerilii</i> has been cultured in research laboratories since the 1950s and has a free-swimming larval stage, specific environmental cues that induce settlement in this nereid worm are yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate that microalgal biofilm is a key settlement cue for <i>P. dumerilii</i> larvae, inducing earlier onset of settlement and enhancing subsequent juvenile growth as a primary food source. We tested the settlement response of <i>P. dumerilii</i> to 40 different strains of microalgae, predominantly diatom species, finding that <i>P. dumerilii</i> have species-specific preferences in their choice of settlement substrate. The most effective diatom species for inducing <i>P. dumerilii</i> larval settlement were benthic pennate species including <i>Grammatophora marina</i>, <i>Achnanthes brevipes</i> and <i>Nitzschia ovalis</i>. The identification of specific environmental cues for <i>P. dumerilii</i> settlement enables a link between its ecology and the sensory and nervous system signalling that regulates larval behaviour and development. Incorporation of diatoms into <i>P. dumerilii</i> culture practices will improve the husbandry of this marine invertebrate model.</p>","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11407872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142294411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy M Van Cise,M Bradley Hanson,Candice Emmons,Dan Olsen,Craig O Matkin,Abigail H Wells,Kim M Parsons
Highly social top marine predators, including many cetaceans, exhibit culturally learned ecological behaviours such as diet preference and foraging strategy that can affect their resilience to competition or anthropogenic impacts. When these species are also endangered, conservation efforts require management strategies based on a comprehensive understanding of the variability in these behaviours. In the northeast Pacific Ocean, three partially sympatric populations of resident killer whales occupy coastal ecosystems from California to Alaska. One population (southern resident killer whales) is endangered, while another (southern Alaska resident killer whales) has exhibited positive abundance trends for the last several decades. Using 185 faecal samples collected from both populations between 2011 and 2021, we compare variability in diet preference to provide insight into differences in foraging patterns that may be linked with the relative success and decline of these populations. We find broad similarities in the diet of the two populations, with differences arising from spatiotemporal and social variability in resource use patterns, especially in the timing of shifts between target prey species. The results described here highlight the importance of comprehensive longitudinal monitoring of foraging ecology to inform management strategies for endangered, highly social top marine predators.
{"title":"Spatial and seasonal foraging patterns drive diet differences among north Pacific resident killer whale populations.","authors":"Amy M Van Cise,M Bradley Hanson,Candice Emmons,Dan Olsen,Craig O Matkin,Abigail H Wells,Kim M Parsons","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240445","url":null,"abstract":"Highly social top marine predators, including many cetaceans, exhibit culturally learned ecological behaviours such as diet preference and foraging strategy that can affect their resilience to competition or anthropogenic impacts. When these species are also endangered, conservation efforts require management strategies based on a comprehensive understanding of the variability in these behaviours. In the northeast Pacific Ocean, three partially sympatric populations of resident killer whales occupy coastal ecosystems from California to Alaska. One population (southern resident killer whales) is endangered, while another (southern Alaska resident killer whales) has exhibited positive abundance trends for the last several decades. Using 185 faecal samples collected from both populations between 2011 and 2021, we compare variability in diet preference to provide insight into differences in foraging patterns that may be linked with the relative success and decline of these populations. We find broad similarities in the diet of the two populations, with differences arising from spatiotemporal and social variability in resource use patterns, especially in the timing of shifts between target prey species. The results described here highlight the importance of comprehensive longitudinal monitoring of foraging ecology to inform management strategies for endangered, highly social top marine predators.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to investigate the catalytic performance of H-ZSM-5 zeolite compared with physically mixed and sequentially used synthesized γ-alumina and zeolite in the methanol-to-propylene (MTP) reaction. A facile, green and cost-effective method was first applied to prepare a mesoporous γ-Al2O3 support using a combination of sol-gel and hydrothermal methods via a few consecutive steps. This process was carried out using aluminium nitrate and polyethylene glycol with different molecular weights as non-ionic surfactants. X-ray diffraction, transmission electon microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, ammonia temperature programmed desorption and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis were then used to characterize the prepared γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Afterwards, the catalytic activity of the commercial H-ZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al = 200) and the effect of the presence of the γ-alumina physically mixed and unmixed with the zeolite were also researched in the MTP reaction. Accordingly, methanol conversion and product selectivity were monitored via gas chromatography. The physically mixed mesoporous γ-Al2O3 and H-ZSM-5 zeolite exhibited the highest catalytic activity in terms of both conversion and selectivity at 400°C. To our knowledge, this research represents the first documented use of γ-alumina and zeolite simultaneously as catalysts in the MTP reaction within the English literature. It is hoped that this work will offer valuable insights for advancing the development of catalytic systems in methanol conversion processes.
{"title":"Comparative study of the catalytic performance of physically mixed and sequentially utilized γ-alumina and zeolite in methanol-to-propylene reactions.","authors":"Anahita Mortazavi-Manesh,Nasser Safari,Mojtaba Golbodaqi,Shirin Latifi,Mohammad Fatehi Haghighat,Farzad Bahadoran","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240469","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the catalytic performance of H-ZSM-5 zeolite compared with physically mixed and sequentially used synthesized γ-alumina and zeolite in the methanol-to-propylene (MTP) reaction. A facile, green and cost-effective method was first applied to prepare a mesoporous γ-Al2O3 support using a combination of sol-gel and hydrothermal methods via a few consecutive steps. This process was carried out using aluminium nitrate and polyethylene glycol with different molecular weights as non-ionic surfactants. X-ray diffraction, transmission electon microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, ammonia temperature programmed desorption and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis were then used to characterize the prepared γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Afterwards, the catalytic activity of the commercial H-ZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al = 200) and the effect of the presence of the γ-alumina physically mixed and unmixed with the zeolite were also researched in the MTP reaction. Accordingly, methanol conversion and product selectivity were monitored via gas chromatography. The physically mixed mesoporous γ-Al2O3 and H-ZSM-5 zeolite exhibited the highest catalytic activity in terms of both conversion and selectivity at 400°C. To our knowledge, this research represents the first documented use of γ-alumina and zeolite simultaneously as catalysts in the MTP reaction within the English literature. It is hoped that this work will offer valuable insights for advancing the development of catalytic systems in methanol conversion processes.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T Cucchi,D Neaux,L Féral,F Goussard,H Adriensen,F Elleboudt,G Sansalone,R Schafberg
Among domestic species, pigs experienced the greatest brain size reduction, but the extent and factors of this reduction remain unclear. Here, we used the brain endocast volume collected from 92 adult skulls of wild, captive, feral and domestic Sus scrofa to explore the effects of domestication, feralization and captivity over the brain size variation of this species. We found a constant brain volume increase over 24 months, while body growth slowed down from month 20. We observed an 18% brain size reduction between wild boars and pigs, disagreeing with the 30%-40% reduction previously mentioned. We did not find significant sexual differences in brain volume, refuting the theory of the attenuation of male secondary sexual characteristics through the selection for reduced male aggression. Feralization in Australia led to brain size reduction-probably as an adaptation to food scarcity and drought, refuting the reversal to wild ancestral brain size. Finally, free-born wild boars raised in captivity showed a slight increase in brain size, potentially due to a constant and high-quality food supply as well as new allospecific interactions. These results support the need to further explore the influence of diet, environment and experience on brain size evolution during animal domestication.
{"title":"How domestication, feralization and experience-dependent plasticity affect brain size variation in Sus scrofa.","authors":"T Cucchi,D Neaux,L Féral,F Goussard,H Adriensen,F Elleboudt,G Sansalone,R Schafberg","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240951","url":null,"abstract":"Among domestic species, pigs experienced the greatest brain size reduction, but the extent and factors of this reduction remain unclear. Here, we used the brain endocast volume collected from 92 adult skulls of wild, captive, feral and domestic Sus scrofa to explore the effects of domestication, feralization and captivity over the brain size variation of this species. We found a constant brain volume increase over 24 months, while body growth slowed down from month 20. We observed an 18% brain size reduction between wild boars and pigs, disagreeing with the 30%-40% reduction previously mentioned. We did not find significant sexual differences in brain volume, refuting the theory of the attenuation of male secondary sexual characteristics through the selection for reduced male aggression. Feralization in Australia led to brain size reduction-probably as an adaptation to food scarcity and drought, refuting the reversal to wild ancestral brain size. Finally, free-born wild boars raised in captivity showed a slight increase in brain size, potentially due to a constant and high-quality food supply as well as new allospecific interactions. These results support the need to further explore the influence of diet, environment and experience on brain size evolution during animal domestication.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various environmental signals, such as temperature, pH, nutrient levels, salt content and the presence of other microorganisms, can influence biofilm's development and dynamics. However, the innate mechanisms that govern at the molecular and cellular levels remain elusive. Here, we report the impact of physiologically relevant concentrations of NaCl on biofilm formation and the associated differences in an undomesticated natural isolate of Bacillus subtilis. NaCl exposure and its uptake by bacterial cells induced substantial changes in the architecture of pellicle biofilm and an upsurge in the expansion of biofilm colonies on agar surfaces. We have observed the upregulation of genes involved in motility and the downregulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of extracellular matrix components through the transcription factor sigD, suggesting the possible underlying mechanisms. To further support these observations, we have used ΔsigD and ΔsrfAC null mutants, which showed compromised NaCl-induced effects. Our results indicate that NaCl induces a lifestyle shift in B. subtilis from a sessile biofilm state to an independent unicellular motile state. Overall, we present evidence that NaCl can reprogramme gene expression and alter cellular morphology and the state of cells to adapt to motility, which facilitates the expansion of bacterial colonies.
{"title":"Deciphering the influence of NaCl on social behaviour of Bacillus subtilis.","authors":"Prem Anand Murugan,Muktesh Kumar Sahu,Manish Kumar Gupta,T Sabari Sankar,Sivasurender Chandran,Saravanan Matheshwaran","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240822","url":null,"abstract":"Various environmental signals, such as temperature, pH, nutrient levels, salt content and the presence of other microorganisms, can influence biofilm's development and dynamics. However, the innate mechanisms that govern at the molecular and cellular levels remain elusive. Here, we report the impact of physiologically relevant concentrations of NaCl on biofilm formation and the associated differences in an undomesticated natural isolate of Bacillus subtilis. NaCl exposure and its uptake by bacterial cells induced substantial changes in the architecture of pellicle biofilm and an upsurge in the expansion of biofilm colonies on agar surfaces. We have observed the upregulation of genes involved in motility and the downregulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of extracellular matrix components through the transcription factor sigD, suggesting the possible underlying mechanisms. To further support these observations, we have used ΔsigD and ΔsrfAC null mutants, which showed compromised NaCl-induced effects. Our results indicate that NaCl induces a lifestyle shift in B. subtilis from a sessile biofilm state to an independent unicellular motile state. Overall, we present evidence that NaCl can reprogramme gene expression and alter cellular morphology and the state of cells to adapt to motility, which facilitates the expansion of bacterial colonies.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increases in agricultural intensity due to anthropogenic demands alongside the need to reduce the reliance on pesticides have resulted in an urgent need for sustainable options for pest control. Biological pest regulation is an alternative strategy that relies on natural predators and is essentially a by-product of successful foraging. Therefore, knowledge of the predator's specific foraging behaviour can significantly improve bioregulation. In this article, we discuss the implications of predators' diverse foraging modes on their efficiency as bioregulators of crop pests using amphibians and reptiles as models. Amphibians and reptiles are promising bioregulators as they are insectivorous, and the diversity in their foraging styles-ambush and active foraging, differing in energy expenditure, movement, cognitive abilities, reliance on cues, response to predatory risk, competition and prey salience-can have specific impacts on pest regulation. We propose the uptake of this concept into strategizing pest management actions. We are now moving towards an era of biological pest regulation, which is the most targeted, economically profitable method with zero negative impact on the ecosystem. Utilizing diverse traits associated with the different foraging modes in vertebrate predators can be a crucial tool in allowing pest management to adapt to the extreme challenges it is facing.
{"title":"Biological pest regulation can benefit from diverse predation modes.","authors":"Deyatima Ghosh,Amaël Borzée","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240535","url":null,"abstract":"Increases in agricultural intensity due to anthropogenic demands alongside the need to reduce the reliance on pesticides have resulted in an urgent need for sustainable options for pest control. Biological pest regulation is an alternative strategy that relies on natural predators and is essentially a by-product of successful foraging. Therefore, knowledge of the predator's specific foraging behaviour can significantly improve bioregulation. In this article, we discuss the implications of predators' diverse foraging modes on their efficiency as bioregulators of crop pests using amphibians and reptiles as models. Amphibians and reptiles are promising bioregulators as they are insectivorous, and the diversity in their foraging styles-ambush and active foraging, differing in energy expenditure, movement, cognitive abilities, reliance on cues, response to predatory risk, competition and prey salience-can have specific impacts on pest regulation. We propose the uptake of this concept into strategizing pest management actions. We are now moving towards an era of biological pest regulation, which is the most targeted, economically profitable method with zero negative impact on the ecosystem. Utilizing diverse traits associated with the different foraging modes in vertebrate predators can be a crucial tool in allowing pest management to adapt to the extreme challenges it is facing.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gas-phase PbMg n- (n = 2-12) cluster structures were globally searched on their potential energy surfaces by means of the CALYPSO prediction software. Structural optimization and calculations of properties such as relative energy and electronic structure were then carried out by density functional theory for each size of low energy isomer. The structural, relative stability, natural charge population, natural electronic configuration and distribution of the strongest peaks of the infrared and Raman spectra of the low energy isomers of PbMg n- (n = 2-12) clusters were systematically investigated in the present work. It was shown that the PbMg7- cluster ground state isomer exhibits the highest stability, for which special electronic excitation and chemical bonding analyses were performed. It is reasonable to believe that this work enriches the structural, spectroscopic and other data of magnesium-based clusters and provides some theoretical basis for possible future experimental syntheses.
{"title":"Density functional theory-based study on the structural, electronic and spectral properties of gas-phase PbMg n - (n = 2-12) clusters.","authors":"Zai-Fu Jiang,Ding-Mei Zhang,Pan-Long Kong,Jing-Jing Wang,Wei Dai,Ben-Chao Zhu","doi":"10.1098/rsos.240814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240814","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-phase PbMg n- (n = 2-12) cluster structures were globally searched on their potential energy surfaces by means of the CALYPSO prediction software. Structural optimization and calculations of properties such as relative energy and electronic structure were then carried out by density functional theory for each size of low energy isomer. The structural, relative stability, natural charge population, natural electronic configuration and distribution of the strongest peaks of the infrared and Raman spectra of the low energy isomers of PbMg n- (n = 2-12) clusters were systematically investigated in the present work. It was shown that the PbMg7- cluster ground state isomer exhibits the highest stability, for which special electronic excitation and chemical bonding analyses were performed. It is reasonable to believe that this work enriches the structural, spectroscopic and other data of magnesium-based clusters and provides some theoretical basis for possible future experimental syntheses.","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comment regarding: 'On the solubility of azodicarbonamide in water/DMSO mixtures: an experimental and computational study' (2024), by Macetti et al.","authors":"Josje Arts,Ian Kimber","doi":"10.1098/rsos.241011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21525,"journal":{"name":"Royal Society Open Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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