Biofabrication of Nanosilver From Punica granatum Peel Extract and Their Anticoagulant Applications.

Abstract

For utilizing biodegradable waste as a natural source for nanofabrication, this study was designed to highlight a simple, sustainable, safe, environmentally friendly, and energy consumption reduction waste management approach using hot aqueous extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel waste (PPE) to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (PPE-AgNPs). The fabrication of biosynthesized nanosilver was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscope (AFM). The initial pale brown color change upon adding silver nitrate to PPE confirmed bioreduction. For PPE, the absorption spectrum for UV-vis spectroscopy in the visible light region was 230-290 nm, while for PPE-AgNPs, the graph shows that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum for nanosilver at 360-460 nm. The XRD analysis proved that the PPE-AgNPs were crystalline in nature. The SEM micrograph revealed that silver nanoparticles were sphere-shaped, homogenous accumulations with particle size in the range of 21.63-30.97 ± 0.4 nm. The EDX data analysis also proved the presence of a sharp peak of silver element with 8.83% weight at 3 keV. The 3D AFM images of Ag nanoparticles illustrated that the diameter is around 7.20-14.80 nm with a median of 7.16 ± 1.3 nm and the root mean square (RMS) value corresponds to 1.40 ± 0.4 nm. The PPE-AgNPs efficiently exhibited a potent antioxidant and dose-dependent DPPH inhibition action. Visual and microscopic observations of fresh human blood when treated with 25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL of PPE-AgNPs were proven to be biocompatible with no morphological changes and no coagulation. This study predicts that PPE can be utilized to synthesize biocompatible nanosilver.