Mathematical modeling and experimental analysis of the double-effect DCMD-heat pump integrated system

Abstract

High energy consumption represents one of the hindrances in enabling large scale application of membrane distillation. In this work, experimental and simulation studies of a double-effect direct-contact membrane distillation integrated with a single-stage vapor-compression heat pump (DE-DCMD-HP) were carried out for concentrating tap water with the aim to evaluate the energy saving of the integrated system. It was found during our experiments that an auxiliary cooler must be added to remove the excess heat from HP to enable the integrated system to reach the steady-state condition. The temperature-heat flux plots were first utilized to analyze how HP and DE-DCMD affected each other and reveal their coupling mechanism. The simulation results showed that the increase in the first-effect feed inlet temperature, T_fi,1 and the flow rate, V caused the thermodynamic cycle line of refrigerant shift to higher temperature, which led to the increase of the input power of the compressor and the auxiliary cooler, ultimately affecting the water production mass rate, ${\dot{m}}_d$${\dot{m}}_d$, the coefficient of performance, COP, the gain output ratio, GOR, and the specific energy consumption, SEC. The experimental and simulation results revealed that increasing T_fi,1 and V increased the permeate flux N_h and GOR and reduced the SEC. The performances for three different DCMD configurations were furthermore evaluated via experiments at constant feed temperature whereby the SEC decreased from 2168 kWh·t⁻¹ for single-effect DCMD to 1085 kWh·t⁻¹ for DE-DCMD to 257 kWh·t⁻¹ for DE-DCMD-HP.