Associations of Personal Hourly Exposures to Air Temperature and Pollution with Resting Heart Rate in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

Previous studies linked higher daily ambient air temperature and pollution with increased cardiorespiratory morbidity, but immediate effects of personal, hourly exposures on resting heart rate remained unclear. We followed 30 older former smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Massachusetts for four nonconsecutive 30-day periods over 12 months, collecting 54,487 hourly observations of personal air temperature, fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), and resting heart rate. We explored the single lag effects (0–71 h) and cumulative effects (0–5 h, the significant lag windows) of air temperature and pollution on resting heart rate using generalized additive mixed models with distributed lag nonlinear models. Single lag effects of higher air temperature and pollutants on higher resting heart rate were most pronounced at lag 0 to 5 h. Cumulative effects of higher air temperature, PM_2.5, O₃, and NO₂ (each interquartile range increment) on higher resting heart rate at lag 0–5 h, show differences of (beats per minute [bpm], 95% CI) 1.46 (1.31–1.62), 0.35 (0.32–0.39), 2.32 (2.19–2.45), and 1.79 (1.66–1.92), respectively. In conclusion, higher personal hourly air temperature, PM_2.5, O₃, and NO₂ exposures at lag 0–5 h are associated with higher resting heart rate in COPD patients.