Ultrasensitive lab-on-paper electrochemical device via heterostructure copper/cuprous sulfide@N-doped C@Au hollow nanoboxes as signal amplifier for alpha-fetoprotein detection

Abstract

Rapid and accurate detection of tumor markers at extremely low levels is crucial for the early diagnosis of cancers. In this work, we developed a portable label-free sliding electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) using copper/cuprous sulfide@N-doped C@Au nanoparticles (Cu/Cu₂S@NC@Au) hollow nanoboxes as the signal amplifier for the ultrasensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Cu/Cu₂S@NC nanoboxes were synthesized by sacrificial template and interface reaction methods, on which Au nanoparticles were electrodeposited to construct unique heterostructure for effectively capturing anti-AFP and serving as signal amplifier. The designed ePAD incorporates sliding microfluidic paper chips to form a flexible three-electrode system, enabling highly sensitive detection of AFP with a wide linear range of 0.005–50 ng mL⁻¹ and a low detection limit of 0.62 pg mL⁻¹. The practicality of the prepared ePAD was validated through AFP detection in clinical human serum, which was consistent with chemiluminescence immunoassay. In addition, the developed immunosensor demonstrates excellent specificity, repeatability and stability. This novel platform exhibits significant potential for rapid on-site analysis and point-of-care diagnosis.