Mechanical response of small-scale 3D-printed steel-mortar composite beams

IF 10.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Cement & concrete composites Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105795
Fabian B. Rodriguez , Reza Moini , Shubham Agrawal , Christopher S. Williams , Pablo D. Zavattieri , Jan Olek , Jeffrey P. Youngblood , Amit H. Varma
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Abstract

This paper presents the mechanical properties of composite beams additively manufactured by 3D-printing of layers of mortar on top of custom-designed (also 3D-printed) steel plates, which served as external flexural reinforcement. The mechanical performance of the composite beams was evaluated using three-point bending test. The results were compared with the data obtained from two types of reference specimens: 3D-printed beams with no external reinforcing plate, and composite beams with mortar cast (rather than 3D printed) on the top of the steel plate. Four different architectures (also referred to as configurations) were created by either 3D-printing (using two different filament orientations), casting, or a combination of both processes (referred to as a hybrid configuration). This configuration consisted of 3D-printed external walls (outline) of the beam and cast interior (infill). The effects of these architectures were investigated using both unreinforced and composite elements, in order to identify the contributions of the orientation of filaments and associated interfaces on the initiation and propagation of the cracks. Analysis of the initiation and propagation of the cracks was based on the data obtained from the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Mechanical performance parameters that were investigated included the following: load-displacement responses, flexural stress-flexural strain responses, shear stress-shear strain responses, and the work of failure. The results of the test revealed that the incorporation of steel plates as an external reinforcement resulted in the transition from flexural to shear mode failure. In terms of flexural strength, all composite configurations demonstrated comparable performance independently of the architecture used while hybrid configuration outperformed cast composite counterparts by attaining significantly higher values of the work of failure. This indicates that hybrid elements developed enhanced energy dissipation characteristics compared to the other configurations. The results of specific modulus of rupture and shear strength obtained from unreinforced and reinforced hybrid elements, respectively, were comparable to those obtained from cast counterparts, indicating that the hybrid configuration may offer a viable alternative for the construction of structural concrete elements. Finally, the values of modulus of rupture and shear stress obtained for different configurations used in the study were compared to the design expressions in the ACI 318–19 code. It was found that hybrid elements as well as cast elements used in this study satisfy the minimum requirements and further studies at larger scales could confirm their use in structural applications.
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小型三维打印钢-砂浆复合梁的机械响应
本文介绍了通过三维打印技术在定制设计(也是三维打印)的钢板(用作外部抗弯加固)上添加砂浆层而制造的复合梁的力学性能。采用三点弯曲试验对复合梁的机械性能进行了评估。测试结果与两种参考试样的数据进行了比较:一种是没有外部加固板的 3D 打印梁,另一种是在钢板顶部浇注砂浆(而不是 3D 打印)的复合梁。通过三维打印(使用两种不同的长丝方向)、浇注或两种工艺的组合(称为混合配置),创建了四种不同的结构(也称为配置)。这种结构包括三维打印的梁外壁(轮廓)和铸造的内壁(填充)。我们使用非加固元件和复合元件对这些结构的影响进行了研究,以确定细丝的取向和相关界面对裂纹的产生和扩展所起的作用。根据数字图像相关(DIC)技术获得的数据对裂纹的产生和扩展进行了分析。研究的机械性能参数包括:载荷-位移响应、挠曲应力-挠曲应变响应、剪切应力-剪切应变响应和破坏功。试验结果表明,钢板作为外部加固材料的加入导致了从弯曲模式到剪切模式的失效。在抗弯强度方面,所有复合材料配置都表现出了相当的性能,与所使用的结构无关,而混合配置的性能则优于铸造复合材料,其破坏功值明显更高。这表明,与其他配置相比,混合元件具有更强的消能特性。非加固混合构件和加固混合构件分别获得的比断裂模量和剪切强度结果与浇注混合构件获得的结果相当,这表明混合构件可为混凝土结构构件的建造提供一种可行的替代方案。最后,将研究中使用的不同配置所获得的断裂模量和剪应力值与 ACI 318-19 规范中的设计表达式进行了比较。结果发现,本研究中使用的混合构件和浇注构件都能满足最低要求,而更大规模的进一步研究可以证实它们在结构应用中的用途。
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来源期刊
Cement & concrete composites
Cement & concrete composites 工程技术-材料科学:复合
CiteScore
18.70
自引率
11.40%
发文量
459
审稿时长
65 days
期刊介绍: Cement & concrete composites focuses on advancements in cement-concrete composite technology and the production, use, and performance of cement-based construction materials. It covers a wide range of materials, including fiber-reinforced composites, polymer composites, ferrocement, and those incorporating special aggregates or waste materials. Major themes include microstructure, material properties, testing, durability, mechanics, modeling, design, fabrication, and practical applications. The journal welcomes papers on structural behavior, field studies, repair and maintenance, serviceability, and sustainability. It aims to enhance understanding, provide a platform for unconventional materials, promote low-cost energy-saving materials, and bridge the gap between materials science, engineering, and construction. Special issues on emerging topics are also published to encourage collaboration between materials scientists, engineers, designers, and fabricators.
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