A Geostationary Satellite-Based Approach to Estimate Convective Mass Flux and Revisit the Hot Tower Hypothesis

IF 4.9 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Surveys in Geophysics Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI:10.1007/s10712-024-09856-6
Amel Derras-Chouk, Zhengzhao Johnny Luo
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Abstract

This study aims to revisit the classic “hot tower” hypothesis proposed by Riehl and Simpson (Malkus) in 1958 and revisited in 1979. Our investigation centers on the convective mass flux of hot towers within the tropical trough zone, using geostationary (GEO) satellite data and an innovative analysis technique, known as ML16, which integrates various data sources, including hot tower heights, ambient profiles, and a plume model, to determine convective mass flux. The GEO-based ML16 approach is evaluated against collocated ground-based radar wind profiler observations, showing broad agreement. Our GEO-based estimate of hot tower convective mass flux, 2.8 × 1011–3.4 × 1011 kg s−1, is similar to the revisited estimate in Riehl and Simpson (1979), 2.6–3.0 × 1011 kg s−1. Additionally, our analysis gives a median count of around 550 hot towers with a median size of about 11 km, in contrast to the previous estimates of 1600–2400 hot towers, each characterized by a fixed size of 5 km. We discuss the causes of these discrepancies, emphasizing the fundamental differences between the two approaches in characterizing tropical hot towers. While both approaches have various uncertainties, the evidence suggests that greater credibility should be placed on results derived from direct satellite observations. Finally, we identify future opportunities in Earth Observations that will provide more accurate measurements, enabling further evaluation of the role played by tropical hot towers in mass transport.

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基于地球静止卫星的对流质量通量估算方法和对热塔假说的重新审视
本研究旨在重新审视里尔和辛普森(马尔克斯)于 1958 年提出、1979 年再次提出的经典 "热塔 "假说。我们的研究以热带槽区内热塔的对流质量通量为中心,利用地球静止(GEO)卫星数据和一种被称为 ML16 的创新分析技术,该技术整合了各种数据源,包括热塔高度、环境剖面和羽流模型,以确定对流质量通量。基于地球同步轨道的 ML16 方法与地面雷达风廓线观测数据进行了评估,结果显示两者基本一致。我们基于地球同步轨道的热塔对流质量通量估计值为 2.8 × 1011-3.4 × 1011 kg s-1,与 Riehl 和 Simpson(1979 年)的估计值 2.6-3.0 × 1011 kg s-1 相似。此外,我们分析得出的热塔中位数约为 550 个,中位尺寸约为 11 千米,而之前估计的热塔数量为 1600-2400 个,每个热塔的尺寸固定为 5 千米。我们讨论了造成这些差异的原因,强调了这两种方法在描述热带热塔特征方面的根本区别。虽然两种方法都存在各种不确定性,但证据表明,通过直接卫星观测得出的结果更可信。最后,我们指出了地球观测领域未来的机遇,这些机遇将提供更精确的测量,从而能够进一步评估热带热塔在质量传输中发挥的作用。
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来源期刊
Surveys in Geophysics
Surveys in Geophysics 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
10.00
自引率
10.90%
发文量
64
审稿时长
4.5 months
期刊介绍: Surveys in Geophysics publishes refereed review articles on the physical, chemical and biological processes occurring within the Earth, on its surface, in its atmosphere and in the near-Earth space environment, including relations with other bodies in the solar system. Observations, their interpretation, theory and modelling are covered in papers dealing with any of the Earth and space sciences.
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