Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09931-0
Cong Liu, Zhengtao Wang, Yu Gao, Yang Xiao
{"title":"Iterative Downward Continuation and Modeling of the Earth’s Global Gravity Field in Ellipsoidal Harmonics","authors":"Cong Liu, Zhengtao Wang, Yu Gao, Yang Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09931-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09931-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09933-y
Javier Tortosa, Javier Almendros, Enrique Carmona, José Benito Martín, Janire Prudencio, Joan Antoni Parera-Portell, Rafael Abella, Carlos Araque-Pérez, José Morales, Pablo Rey-Devesa, Benjamin Heit, Xiaohui Yuan, Alfonso Ontiveros-Ortega, Iván Melchor, Cinthia Guerrero-Reinoso, David Carrero, Inmaculada Serrano, Gerardo Alguacil, Guillermo Cortés, Mercedes Feriche, Antonio Martos, Javier Moreno, Miguel Ángel Dengra
We present the IMAGMASEIS project, a large-N seismic experiment carried out on La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) between 2023 and 2024, aimed at high-resolution imaging of the crustal and upper mantle structure using passive seismic methods. The project involved the deployment of 235 temporary broadband and short-period seismic stations, supplementing 21 permanent stations, thus creating the densest seismic network ever installed on the island. The main goal is to characterise the magmatic plumbing system beneath Cumbre Vieja volcano, identify magma accumulation zones, and investigate structural changes related to the 2021 Tajogaite eruption. We describe the experimental design, network configuration, instrumentation, deployment strategies, and challenges encountered, including difficult terrain and logistical constraints. Preliminary results demonstrate the potential of the dataset for ambient noise tomography, receiver function analysis, and local earthquake studies. IMAGMASEIS provides a valuable resource for understanding volcanic and tectonic processes in oceanic island settings and serves as a model for cost-effective, high-density seismic deployments in similar environments.
{"title":"Deployment of a Dense Seismic Network on La Palma Island (2023-2024) for High-Resolution Imaging of the Velocity Structure Using Passive Seismic Methods","authors":"Javier Tortosa, Javier Almendros, Enrique Carmona, José Benito Martín, Janire Prudencio, Joan Antoni Parera-Portell, Rafael Abella, Carlos Araque-Pérez, José Morales, Pablo Rey-Devesa, Benjamin Heit, Xiaohui Yuan, Alfonso Ontiveros-Ortega, Iván Melchor, Cinthia Guerrero-Reinoso, David Carrero, Inmaculada Serrano, Gerardo Alguacil, Guillermo Cortés, Mercedes Feriche, Antonio Martos, Javier Moreno, Miguel Ángel Dengra","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09933-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09933-y","url":null,"abstract":"We present the IMAGMASEIS project, a large-N seismic experiment carried out on La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) between 2023 and 2024, aimed at high-resolution imaging of the crustal and upper mantle structure using passive seismic methods. The project involved the deployment of 235 temporary broadband and short-period seismic stations, supplementing 21 permanent stations, thus creating the densest seismic network ever installed on the island. The main goal is to characterise the magmatic plumbing system beneath Cumbre Vieja volcano, identify magma accumulation zones, and investigate structural changes related to the 2021 Tajogaite eruption. We describe the experimental design, network configuration, instrumentation, deployment strategies, and challenges encountered, including difficult terrain and logistical constraints. Preliminary results demonstrate the potential of the dataset for ambient noise tomography, receiver function analysis, and local earthquake studies. IMAGMASEIS provides a valuable resource for understanding volcanic and tectonic processes in oceanic island settings and serves as a model for cost-effective, high-density seismic deployments in similar environments.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09934-x
Mingze Du, Ji Gao, Haijiang Zhang
{"title":"Regional Body-Wave Travel-Time Tomography by an Inland Seismic Array Using Ambient Noise Excited by Typhoons","authors":"Mingze Du, Ji Gao, Haijiang Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09934-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09934-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1007/s10712-025-09919-2
Junyang Gou, Arnt-Børre Salberg, Mostafa Kiani Shahvandi, Mohammad J. Tourian, Ulrich Meyer, Eva Boergens, Anders U. Waldeland, Isabella Velicogna, Fredrik Dahl, Adrian Jäggi, Konrad Schindler, Benedikt Soja
Accurate uncertainty information associated with essential climate variables (ECVs) is crucial for reliable climate modeling and understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the Earth system. Recent developments in deep learning have remarkably advanced the estimation of ECVs with improved accuracy. However, the quantification of uncertainties associated with outputs of such deep learning models has yet to be widely adopted. This survey explores the types of uncertainties associated with ECVs derived from deep learning methods, including aleatoric (data) and epistemic (model) uncertainty, and the techniques to quantify them. The focus is on highlighting the importance of considering uncertainty associated with inputs in the deep learning models to account for the dynamic and multifaceted nature of satellite observations. The survey starts by clarifying the definitions of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties and their roles in a typical satellite observation processing workflow, followed by bridging the gap between conventional statistical and deep learning views on uncertainties. Then, we comprehensively review the existing uncertainty quantification methods for deep learning algorithms and discuss their strengths and limitations. A comprehensive literature review about quantifying uncertainties in the deep learning estimates of ECVs follows the theoretical survey, covering a wide range of ECVs. The specific need for modification to fit the requirements from both the Earth observation side and the deep learning side in such interdisciplinary tasks is highlighted. We further demonstrate our findings with two selected ECV examples, snow cover and terrestrial water storage, to provide clear insights into different methods by promoting quantitative comparison. In the end, we summarize our findings and provide perspectives for future research.
{"title":"Uncertainty Quantification of Satellite-Based Essential Climate Variables Derived from Deep Learning","authors":"Junyang Gou, Arnt-Børre Salberg, Mostafa Kiani Shahvandi, Mohammad J. Tourian, Ulrich Meyer, Eva Boergens, Anders U. Waldeland, Isabella Velicogna, Fredrik Dahl, Adrian Jäggi, Konrad Schindler, Benedikt Soja","doi":"10.1007/s10712-025-09919-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09919-2","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate uncertainty information associated with essential climate variables (ECVs) is crucial for reliable climate modeling and understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the Earth system. Recent developments in deep learning have remarkably advanced the estimation of ECVs with improved accuracy. However, the quantification of uncertainties associated with outputs of such deep learning models has yet to be widely adopted. This survey explores the types of uncertainties associated with ECVs derived from deep learning methods, including aleatoric (data) and epistemic (model) uncertainty, and the techniques to quantify them. The focus is on highlighting the importance of considering uncertainty associated with inputs in the deep learning models to account for the dynamic and multifaceted nature of satellite observations. The survey starts by clarifying the definitions of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties and their roles in a typical satellite observation processing workflow, followed by bridging the gap between conventional statistical and deep learning views on uncertainties. Then, we comprehensively review the existing uncertainty quantification methods for deep learning algorithms and discuss their strengths and limitations. A comprehensive literature review about quantifying uncertainties in the deep learning estimates of ECVs follows the theoretical survey, covering a wide range of ECVs. The specific need for modification to fit the requirements from both the Earth observation side and the deep learning side in such interdisciplinary tasks is highlighted. We further demonstrate our findings with two selected ECV examples, snow cover and terrestrial water storage, to provide clear insights into different methods by promoting quantitative comparison. In the end, we summarize our findings and provide perspectives for future research.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09928-9
Bea Gallardo-Lacourt, Maxime Grandin, Aurélie Marchaudon, Mathieu Barthelemy
The subauroral region, located equatorward of the auroral oval, is a highly dynamic and complex interface between the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. While traditionally associated with stable optical structures such as stable auroral red arcs, recent observations have revealed a wide range of transient and extreme phenomena—such as subauroral ion drifts and strong thermal emission velocity enhancement—which highlight the region’s variability and intense coupling. The dynamics of the subauroral ionosphere are not only influenced by processes occurring at higher latitudes within the auroral oval but are also shaped by interactions across multiple regions of geospace, including the inner magnetosphere, ring current, inner plasma sheet, and the lower-altitude thermosphere. This growing body of research has underscored both the scientific richness of the subauroral region and the many outstanding questions regarding its drivers and chemical processes. In this paper, we present a in-depth review of observed subauroral structures, available ground-based and satellite datasets, and current modeling efforts aimed at understanding the region’s dynamics. We also examine the state of knowledge surrounding the subauroral ionospheric/thermospheric chemistry and outline critical gaps that require further investigation. Finally, we discuss the pressing need for targeted experiments and new space missions to advance our understanding of this key geospace region.
{"title":"Unresolved Questions in Subauroral Science: Exploring Key Challenges in Physics and Chemistry","authors":"Bea Gallardo-Lacourt, Maxime Grandin, Aurélie Marchaudon, Mathieu Barthelemy","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09928-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09928-9","url":null,"abstract":"The subauroral region, located equatorward of the auroral oval, is a highly dynamic and complex interface between the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. While traditionally associated with stable optical structures such as stable auroral red arcs, recent observations have revealed a wide range of transient and extreme phenomena—such as subauroral ion drifts and strong thermal emission velocity enhancement—which highlight the region’s variability and intense coupling. The dynamics of the subauroral ionosphere are not only influenced by processes occurring at higher latitudes within the auroral oval but are also shaped by interactions across multiple regions of geospace, including the inner magnetosphere, ring current, inner plasma sheet, and the lower-altitude thermosphere. This growing body of research has underscored both the scientific richness of the subauroral region and the many outstanding questions regarding its drivers and chemical processes. In this paper, we present a in-depth review of observed subauroral structures, available ground-based and satellite datasets, and current modeling efforts aimed at understanding the region’s dynamics. We also examine the state of knowledge surrounding the subauroral ionospheric/thermospheric chemistry and outline critical gaps that require further investigation. Finally, we discuss the pressing need for targeted experiments and new space missions to advance our understanding of this key geospace region.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09932-z
Peng Wang
{"title":"The Origin and Evolution of Earth’s Deep Structure","authors":"Peng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09932-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09932-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"233 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09929-8
Maki Hata
{"title":"The Footsteps of Research on Electrical Conductivity Distribution in Volcanically and Seismically Active Japan Arcs: Interpretation from the Perspective of Subduction Dynamics","authors":"Maki Hata","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09929-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09929-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1007/s10712-025-09909-4
Sabine Wüst, Marco Guerra, Jaroslav Chum, L. Claire Gasque
Waves transport energy through the atmosphere without transporting mass. Often excited in the troposphere, they can propagate horizontally and vertically over long distances, depending on the type of wave and the background atmosphere. The fastest atmospheric waves are (infra)sound and acoustic gravity waves. The list of possible reasons for the generation of these atmospheric waves is not short; here, we concentrate on natural hazards. Due to their comparatively high propagation speed, infrasound and acoustic gravity waves can contribute to or even improve early warning of natural hazards, even when measured at high altitudes. Traditionally, each scientific community—the one that deals with the neutral atmosphere and the one that addresses the ionosphere—usually works on its own. The aim of this manuscript is to bring together observations and results from both communities. The main challenges of the respective communities with regard to the use of these waves in the context of early warning of natural hazards are identified.
{"title":"Using Atmospheric Waves for the Detection and Early Warning of Natural Hazards: A Review Combining Results from the Neutral Atmosphere and the Ionosphere","authors":"Sabine Wüst, Marco Guerra, Jaroslav Chum, L. Claire Gasque","doi":"10.1007/s10712-025-09909-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09909-4","url":null,"abstract":"Waves transport energy through the atmosphere without transporting mass. Often excited in the troposphere, they can propagate horizontally and vertically over long distances, depending on the type of wave and the background atmosphere. The fastest atmospheric waves are (infra)sound and acoustic gravity waves. The list of possible reasons for the generation of these atmospheric waves is not short; here, we concentrate on natural hazards. Due to their comparatively high propagation speed, infrasound and acoustic gravity waves can contribute to or even improve early warning of natural hazards, even when measured at high altitudes. Traditionally, each scientific community—the one that deals with the neutral atmosphere and the one that addresses the ionosphere—usually works on its own. The aim of this manuscript is to bring together observations and results from both communities. The main challenges of the respective communities with regard to the use of these waves in the context of early warning of natural hazards are identified.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09930-1
Yuedong Li, Zhiqi Guo, Cai Liu
{"title":"Seismic Petrophysical Inversion Guided by Rock Physics Modeling for Quantitative Estimation of Permeability and Gas Saturation in Volcanic Reservoirs","authors":"Yuedong Li, Zhiqi Guo, Cai Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09930-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09930-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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