Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09948-5
Ramazan Alpay Abbak, Kurt Seitz
Different types of gravity anomalies are engaged in geophysical and geodetic tasks. Whether they are used for regional or global applications, they require efficient calculations. All variants are based on the so-called free-air gravity anomalies. Mean free-air gravity anomalies on an equidistant grid are needed for gravity field modeling. Three possible ways of compiling mean free-air gravity anomalies are discussed in detail. One method is via simple Bouguer gravity anomalies, the second, more time-consuming method is via complete Bouguer gravity anomalies, and the third method is via topographic-isostatic reductions, which is a tedious task. In flat areas, the differences between using any of the three methods should not be significant. However, in mountainous regions, each dependency can negatively affect the interpolation process of gravity anomalies. The reduced gravity anomalies should be as smooth as possible in order to minimize the interpolation error which is inherent in the interpolation of the information in the arbitrarily distributed gravity observation points to obtain block average signals. This study investigates the effects of Bouguer and topographic-isostatic reductions on the accuracy of the mean gravity anomalies and the resulting gravimetric geoid model. The numerical results indicate that complete Bouguer approximations improve the accuracy of the geoid model by a few millimeters. Therefore, this method should be used to predict mean gravity anomalies, especially in mountainous regions, in few of the 1 cm geoid determination.
{"title":"Effect of the Generation of Bouguer Anomalies on the Geoid Determination: A Case Study in a High-Mountainous Area","authors":"Ramazan Alpay Abbak, Kurt Seitz","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09948-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09948-5","url":null,"abstract":"Different types of gravity anomalies are engaged in geophysical and geodetic tasks. Whether they are used for regional or global applications, they require efficient calculations. All variants are based on the so-called free-air gravity anomalies. Mean free-air gravity anomalies on an equidistant grid are needed for gravity field modeling. Three possible ways of compiling mean free-air gravity anomalies are discussed in detail. One method is via simple Bouguer gravity anomalies, the second, more time-consuming method is via complete Bouguer gravity anomalies, and the third method is via topographic-isostatic reductions, which is a tedious task. In flat areas, the differences between using any of the three methods should not be significant. However, in mountainous regions, each dependency can negatively affect the interpolation process of gravity anomalies. The reduced gravity anomalies should be as smooth as possible in order to minimize the interpolation error which is inherent in the interpolation of the information in the arbitrarily distributed gravity observation points to obtain block average signals. This study investigates the effects of Bouguer and topographic-isostatic reductions on the accuracy of the mean gravity anomalies and the resulting gravimetric geoid model. The numerical results indicate that complete Bouguer approximations improve the accuracy of the geoid model by a few millimeters. Therefore, this method should be used to predict mean gravity anomalies, especially in mountainous regions, in few of the 1 cm geoid determination.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-11DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09944-9
Maud Formanek, Alexander Gruber, Pietro Stradiotti, Wouter Dorigo
This study aims to improve the uncertainty estimates of soil moisture datasets produced by merging various satellite products via inverse-variance weighting. In this scheme, the weight of each sensor depends on its specific uncertainty derived from Triple Collocation Analysis (TCA). However, the TCA-derived uncertainties are themselves uncertain due to finite sample sizes, introducing a second-order uncertainty we denote the ‘uncertainty of the uncertainty’. Here, we estimate it empirically by bootstrapping and find that it follows a power-law relationship as a function of the number of collocated observations, whose exponent is comparable to the analytical solution for simple error models. Furthermore, we propose an extended scheme that includes the resulting uncertainty of the weights in the uncertainty estimate of the merged dataset. The proposed scheme is tested on soil moisture retrievals from three different satellite sensors, the active Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), the passive Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), and the passive Soil Moisture And Ocean Salinity (SMOS) sensors. Comparing the improved uncertainty estimates to skill metrics calculated against the global reanalysis product ERA5-Land confirms that they indeed better describe (spatial) uncertainty variations of the merged soil moisture product against the reference dataset. The findings of this study underscore the necessity of advancing uncertainty quantification methods in satellite-retrieved climate data sets.
{"title":"What is the Uncertainty of the Uncertainty and (Why) Does it Matter? Improving the Uncertainty Estimates of Merged Multi-satellite Soil Moisture Data Sets","authors":"Maud Formanek, Alexander Gruber, Pietro Stradiotti, Wouter Dorigo","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09944-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09944-9","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to improve the uncertainty estimates of soil moisture datasets produced by merging various satellite products via inverse-variance weighting. In this scheme, the weight of each sensor depends on its specific uncertainty derived from Triple Collocation Analysis (TCA). However, the TCA-derived uncertainties are themselves uncertain due to finite sample sizes, introducing a second-order uncertainty we denote the ‘uncertainty of the uncertainty’. Here, we estimate it empirically by bootstrapping and find that it follows a power-law relationship as a function of the number of collocated observations, whose exponent is comparable to the analytical solution for simple error models. Furthermore, we propose an extended scheme that includes the resulting uncertainty of the weights in the uncertainty estimate of the merged dataset. The proposed scheme is tested on soil moisture retrievals from three different satellite sensors, the active Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), the passive Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), and the passive Soil Moisture And Ocean Salinity (SMOS) sensors. Comparing the improved uncertainty estimates to skill metrics calculated against the global reanalysis product ERA5-Land confirms that they indeed better describe (spatial) uncertainty variations of the merged soil moisture product against the reference dataset. The findings of this study underscore the necessity of advancing uncertainty quantification methods in satellite-retrieved climate data sets.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-04DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09939-6
Tijl Verhoelst, Adam C. Povey, Alexander Gruber, Claire E. Bulgin, Arno Keppens, Steven Compernolle, Jean-Christopher Lambert
{"title":"Confidently Uncertain: Validating Satellite ECV Measurement Uncertainty Estimates","authors":"Tijl Verhoelst, Adam C. Povey, Alexander Gruber, Claire E. Bulgin, Arno Keppens, Steven Compernolle, Jean-Christopher Lambert","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09939-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09939-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09940-z
R. Goyal, S. J. Claessens
{"title":"Handling Four Systematic Effects in Three Gravimetric Geoid Determination Methods from a Viewpoint of the Centimetre-Precise Geoid","authors":"R. Goyal, S. J. Claessens","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09940-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09940-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-24DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09938-7
Maki Hata
{"title":"Correction to: The Footsteps of Research on Electrical Conductivity Distribution in Volcanically and Seismically Active Japan Arcs: Interpretation from the Perspective of Subduction Dynamics","authors":"Maki Hata","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09938-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09938-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147287182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-24DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09945-8
Kiyoshi Baba, Anne Neska
{"title":"Guest Editorial: Special Issue on the 26th Electromagnetic Induction Workshop, Beppu, Japan","authors":"Kiyoshi Baba, Anne Neska","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09945-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09945-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147287181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-17DOI: 10.1007/s10712-025-09923-6
Ruth Lieberman, Jens Oberheide, McArthur Jones, Tarique Siddiqui, Astrid Maute, Nicholas Pedatella, Alan Liu, Jeff Klenzing’s
This paper is a collaborative effort that originated at the International Space Science Institute Workshop on “Physical Links between Weather and Climate in Space and the Lower Atmosphere” held on January 22-26, 2024. Our goals are to survey the role of tides in facilitating the coupling of the lower and upper atmosphere and identify pathways forward that address challenges to our current understanding. To that end, we provide a brief review of the physics of atmospheric tides and the sources of their day-to-day and seasonal variability during quiet geomagnetic conditions. We identify the mechanisms that couple vertically propagating atmospheric tides to variations in thermosphere–ionosphere wind, composition, and plasma. Each process is punctuated with examples showcasing state-of-the-art observations or models, and requirements for scientific progress. A recurrent theme is a thermospheric measurement gap region between 100 and 200 km that precludes direct observations of tidal vertical coupling processes and their day-to-day variability.
{"title":"The Influence of Atmospheric Tides on the Variability of the Mesosphere–Thermosphere–Ionosphere","authors":"Ruth Lieberman, Jens Oberheide, McArthur Jones, Tarique Siddiqui, Astrid Maute, Nicholas Pedatella, Alan Liu, Jeff Klenzing’s","doi":"10.1007/s10712-025-09923-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09923-6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a collaborative effort that originated at the International Space Science Institute Workshop on “Physical Links between Weather and Climate in Space and the Lower Atmosphere” held on January 22-26, 2024. Our goals are to survey the role of tides in facilitating the coupling of the lower and upper atmosphere and identify pathways forward that address challenges to our current understanding. To that end, we provide a brief review of the physics of atmospheric tides and the sources of their day-to-day and seasonal variability during quiet geomagnetic conditions. We identify the mechanisms that couple vertically propagating atmospheric tides to variations in thermosphere–ionosphere wind, composition, and plasma. Each process is punctuated with examples showcasing state-of-the-art observations or models, and requirements for scientific progress. A recurrent theme is a thermospheric measurement gap region between 100 and 200 km that precludes direct observations of tidal vertical coupling processes and their day-to-day variability.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146205466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-15DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09935-w
Angelica Tarpanelli, Christian Massari, Beatriz Revilla-Romero, Mohammad J. Tourian, Peyman Saemian, Omid Elmi, Daniel Scherer, Vanessa Pedinotti, Cecile Kittel, Jérôme Benveniste, Peter Bauer-Gottwein, Luca Ciabatta, Connor Chewning, Silvia Barbetta, Paolo Filippucci, Èlia Cantoni, Denise Dettmering, Jafet Andersson, Laetitia Gal, David Gustafsson, Yeshewatesfa Hundecha, Gilles Larnicol, Kevin Larnier, Karina Nielsen, Adrien Paris, Malak Sadki, Christian Schwatke, Paolo Tamagnone, Artemis Vrettou, Karim Douch, Espen Volden, Guy Schumann
The monitoring and modeling of riverine floods have been covered extensively in the scientific literature with a substantial number of scientific contributions related to calibration/validation of hydraulic and hydrological models and assimilation of Earth Observation (EO) data into them. These models, when used for flood forecasting purposes, rely heavily on ground-based hydrological networks along with numerical weather models which, particularly in data-scarce regions, are often challenged by data sparsity. In these situations, EO data offer a viable solution to enhance the skill of these flood forecasting systems by providing global-scale observations of key hydrological variables such as precipitation, soil moisture, river discharge, water levels, and flood extent. This manuscript reviews and discusses the capability of these EO data in enhancing flood forecasting systems, by analyzing their accuracy, lead time, and reliability, while at the same time highlighting key challenges such as data latency, spatial–temporal resolution trade-offs, and model assimilation constraints. By leveraging recent advancements in remote sensing, data assimilation techniques, and artificial intelligence, EO-based flood forecasting has the potential to bridge existing observational gaps, particularly in vulnerable regions. The paper also outlines future research directions and technological developments needed to maximize the impact of satellite data in operational flood forecasting systems.
{"title":"The Potential of EO Data for Enhanced Flood Monitoring and Forecasting: A Consortium Assessment","authors":"Angelica Tarpanelli, Christian Massari, Beatriz Revilla-Romero, Mohammad J. Tourian, Peyman Saemian, Omid Elmi, Daniel Scherer, Vanessa Pedinotti, Cecile Kittel, Jérôme Benveniste, Peter Bauer-Gottwein, Luca Ciabatta, Connor Chewning, Silvia Barbetta, Paolo Filippucci, Èlia Cantoni, Denise Dettmering, Jafet Andersson, Laetitia Gal, David Gustafsson, Yeshewatesfa Hundecha, Gilles Larnicol, Kevin Larnier, Karina Nielsen, Adrien Paris, Malak Sadki, Christian Schwatke, Paolo Tamagnone, Artemis Vrettou, Karim Douch, Espen Volden, Guy Schumann","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09935-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09935-w","url":null,"abstract":"The monitoring and modeling of riverine floods have been covered extensively in the scientific literature with a substantial number of scientific contributions related to calibration/validation of hydraulic and hydrological models and assimilation of Earth Observation (EO) data into them. These models, when used for flood forecasting purposes, rely heavily on ground-based hydrological networks along with numerical weather models which, particularly in data-scarce regions, are often challenged by data sparsity. In these situations, EO data offer a viable solution to enhance the skill of these flood forecasting systems by providing global-scale observations of key hydrological variables such as precipitation, soil moisture, river discharge, water levels, and flood extent. This manuscript reviews and discusses the capability of these EO data in enhancing flood forecasting systems, by analyzing their accuracy, lead time, and reliability, while at the same time highlighting key challenges such as data latency, spatial–temporal resolution trade-offs, and model assimilation constraints. By leveraging recent advancements in remote sensing, data assimilation techniques, and artificial intelligence, EO-based flood forecasting has the potential to bridge existing observational gaps, particularly in vulnerable regions. The paper also outlines future research directions and technological developments needed to maximize the impact of satellite data in operational flood forecasting systems.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146196687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-13DOI: 10.1007/s10712-026-09936-9
Xiaolong Wei, Zhen Yin, Wilson Bonner, Jef Caers
{"title":"Falsification of Geological Hypotheses Using Drillholes and Geophysics","authors":"Xiaolong Wei, Zhen Yin, Wilson Bonner, Jef Caers","doi":"10.1007/s10712-026-09936-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-026-09936-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146196688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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