Surveys in Geophysics最新文献

Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI) is a fundamental metric of global Earth system change, quantifying the cumulative impact of natural and anthropogenic radiative forcings and feedback. To date, the most precise measurements of EEI change are obtained through radiometric observations at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), while the quantification of EEI absolute magnitude is facilitated through heat inventory analysis, where ~ 90% of heat uptake manifests as an increase in ocean heat content (OHC). Various international groups provide OHC datasets derived from in situ and satellite observations, as well as from reanalyses ingesting many available observations. The WCRP formed the GEWEX-EEI Assessment Working Group to better understand discrepancies, uncertainties and reconcile current knowledge of EEI magnitude, variability and trends. Here, 21 OHC datasets and ocean heat uptake (OHU) rates are intercompared, providing OHU estimates ranging between 0.40 ± 0.12 and 0.96 ± 0.08 W m⁻² (2005–2019), a spread that is slightly reduced when unequal ocean sampling is accounted for, and that is largely attributable to differing source data, mapping methods and quality control procedures. The rate of increase in OHU varies substantially between − 0.03 ± 0.13 (reanalysis product) and 1.1 ± 0.6 W m⁻² dec⁻¹ (satellite product). Products that either more regularly observe (satellites) or fill in situ data-sparse regions based on additional physical knowledge (some reanalysis and hybrid products) tend to track radiometric EEI variability better than purely in situ-based OHC products. This paper also examines zonal trends in TOA radiative fluxes and the impact of data gaps on trend estimates. The GEWEX-EEI community aims to refine their assessment studies, to forge a path toward best practices, e.g., in uncertainty quantification, and to formulate recommendations for future activities.

Low-rank approximation has emerged as a promising technique for recovering five-dimensional (5D) seismic data, yet the quest for higher accuracy and stronger rank robustness remains a critical pursuit. We introduce a low-rank approximation method by leveraging the complete graph tensor network (CGTN) decomposition and the learnable transform (LT), referred to as the LRA-LTCGTN method, to simultaneously denoise and reconstruct 5D seismic data. In the LRA-LTCGTN framework, the LT is employed to project the frequency tensor of the original 5D data onto a small-scale latent space. Subsequently, the CGTN decomposition is executed on this latent space. We adopt the proximal alternating minimization algorithm to optimize each variable. Both 5D synthetic data and field data examples indicate that the LRA-LTCGTN method exhibits notable advantages and superior efficiency compared to the damped rank-reduction (DRR), parallel matrix factorization (PMF), and LRA-CGTN methods. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis underscores the remarkably stronger robustness of the LRA-LTCGTN method in terms of rank without any optimization procedure with respect to rank, compared to the LRA-CGTN method.

The quality factor Q is a dimensionless measure of the energy loss per cycle of a wave field, and a proper understanding of this factor is important in a variety of fields, from seismology, geophysical prospecting to electrical science. Here, the focus is on viscoelasticity. When interpreting experimental values, several factors must be taken into account, in particular the shape of the medium (rods, bars or unbounded media) and the fact that the measurements are made on stationary or propagating modes. From a theoretical point of view, the expressions of Q may differ due to different definitions, the spatial dimension and the inhomogeneity of the wave, i.e. the fact that the vectors of propagation (or wavenumber) and attenuation do not point in the same direction. We show the difference between temporal and spatial Q, the relationships between compressional and shear Q, the dependence on frequency, the case of poro-viscoelasticity and anisotropy, the effect of inhomogeneous waves and various loss mechanisms, and consider the analogy between elastic and electromagnetic waves. We discuss physical theories describing relaxation peaks, bounds on Q and experiments showing the behaviour of Q as a function of frequency, saturation and pore pressure. Finally, we propose an application example where Q can be used to estimate porosity and saturation.

Blended acquisition offers significant cost and period reduction in seismic data acquisition. However, fired blended sources are usually deployed at off-the-grid (OffG) samples due to obstacle limitation and economic cost considerations. The irregular distribution of coordinates, along with the blending noise, has a detrimental effect on the performance of subsequent seismic processing and imaging. The interpolated multichannel singular spectrum analysis (I-MSSA) algorithm effectively provides on-the-grid deblended results by employing an interpolator, in conjunction with a projected gradient descent strategy. However, the deblending accuracy and computational efficiency of the I-MSSA are still a concern due to the limitations of the traditional singular value decomposition (SVD). To address these limitations, we propose an interpolated fast damped multichannel singular spectrum analysis (I-FDMSSA) rank-reduction algorithm. The proposed algorithm incorporates the damping operator, the randomized SVD (RSVD) and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) strategy. The damping operator can further attenuate the remaining noise in the estimated signal obtained from the truncated SVD, resulting in an improved deblending performance. The RSVD accelerates the rank-reduction process by shrinking the size of the Hankel matrix. To expedite the rank-reduction and anti-diagonal averaging stages without explicitly constructing large-scale block Hankel matrices, the FFT strategy is employed. By incorporating a 2D separable sinc interpolator, the I-FDMSSA enables an efficient and accurate deblending of 3D OffG blended data. The deblending performance and operational efficiency improvements of the proposed I-FDMSSA algorithm over the traditional I-MSSA algorithm are demonstrated through OffG synthetic and field blended data examples.

Lacustrine shale oil resources are essential for the maintenance of energy supply. Fluid types and contents play important roles in estimating resource potential and oil recovery from organic-rich shales. Precise identification of fluid types hosted in shale oil reservoir successions that are characterized by marked lithological heterogeneity from only a single well is a significant challenge. Although previous research has proposed a large number of methods for determining both porosity and fluid saturation, many can only be applied in limited situations, and several have limited accuracy. In this study, an advanced logging technique, combinable magnetic resonance logging (CMR-NG), is used to evaluate fluid types. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) experiments on reservoir rocks subject to different conditions (as received, after being dried at 105 ℃, and kerosene imbibed) were carried out to define the fluid types and classification criteria. Then, with the corresponding Rock–Eval pyrolysis parameters and various mineral contents from X-ray diffraction, the contribution of organic matter and mineral compositions was investigated. Subsequently, the content of different fluid types is calculated by CMR-NG (combinable magnetic resonance logging, viz. 2D NMR logging). According to the fluid classification criteria under experimental conditions and the production data, the most favorable model and optimal solution for logging evaluation was selected. Finally, fluid saturations of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag were calculated for a single well. Results show that six fluid types (kerogen-bitumen-group OH, irreducible oil, movable oil, clay-bound water, irreducible water, and movable water) can be recognized through the applied 2D NMR test. The kerogen-bitumen-group OH was mostly affected by pyrolysis hydrocarbon (S₂) and irreducible oil by soluble hydrocarbon (S₁). However, kerogen-bitumen-group OH and clay-bound water cannot be detected by CMR-NG due to the effects of underground environmental conditions on the instruments. Strata Q8–Q9 of the Qing 2 member of the cretaceous Qingshankou Formation are the most favorable layers of shale oil. This research provides insights into the factors controlling fluid types and contents; it provides guidance in the exploration and development of unconventional resources, for example, for geothermal and carbon capture, utilization, and storage reservoirs.

Microseismic source localization methods with deep learning can directly predict the source location from recorded microseismic data, showing remarkably high accuracy and efficiency. Two main categories of deep learning-based localization methods are coordinate prediction methods and heatmap prediction methods. Coordinate prediction methods provide only a source coordinate and generally do not provide a measure of confidence in the source location. Heatmap prediction methods require the assumption that the microseismic source is located on a grid point. Thus, they tend to provide lower resolution information and localization results may lose precision. This study reviews and compares previous methods for locating the source based on deep learning. To address the limitations of existing methods, we devise a network fusing a convolutional neural network and a Transformer to locate microseismic sources. We first introduce the multi-modal heatmap combining the Gaussian heatmap and the offset coefficient map to represent the source location. The offset coefficients are utilized to correct the source locations predicted by the Gaussian heatmap so that the source is no longer confined to the grid point. We then propose a fusion network to accurately estimate the source location. A gated multi-scale feature fusion module is developed to efficiently fuse features from different branches. Experiments on synthetic and field data demonstrate that the proposed method yields highly accurate localization results. A comprehensive comparison of coordinate prediction method and heatmap prediction methods with our proposed method demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms the other methods.

Prior model construction is a fundamental component in geophysical inversion, especially Bayesian inversion. The prior model, usually derived from available geological information, can reduce the uncertainty of model characteristics during the inversion. However, the prior geological data for inferring a prior distribution model are often limited in real cases. Our work presents a novel framework to create 3D geophysical prior models using soil geochemistry and borehole rock sample measurements. We focus on the Bayesian inversion, which enables encoding of knowledge and multiple non-geophysical data into the prior. The new framework developed in our research comprises three main parts, namely correlation analysis, prior model reconstruction, and Bayesian inversion. We investigate the correlations between surface and subsurface geochemical features, as well as the correlation between geochemistry and geophysics, using canonical correlation analysis for the surface and borehole geochemistry. Based on the resulting correlations, we construct the prior susceptibility model. The informed prior model is then tested using geophysical forward modeling and outlier detection methods. In this test, we aim to falsify the prior model, which happens when the model cannot predict the field geophysical observation. To obtain the posterior models, the reliable prior models are incorporated into a Bayesian inversion framework. Using a real case of exploration in the Central African Copperbelt, we illustrate the workflow of constructing the high-resolution 3D stratigraphic model conditioned on soil geochemistry, borehole data, and airborne geophysics.

The subsurface in situ stress fields significantly influence the elastic and anisotropic properties of rocks, yet traditional linear elastic theories often overlook the impact of stress on seismic response characteristics. Nonlinear acoustoelastic theory integrates third-order elastic constants (TOECs) to elucidate the influence of stress on changes in elastic and anisotropic properties of stressed rocks. A comprehensive examination of recent scholarly investigations on nonlinear acoustoelastic phenomena precedes the introduction of an innovative stress-dependent equation for the PP-wave reflection coefficient. This equation delineates the dependence of azimuthal seismic response on horizontal uniaxial stress in inherently vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media, or those VTI formations induced by a single set of horizontal aligned fractures. Emphasis is placed on delineating stress-induced anisotropy and elucidating azimuthal PP-wave reflection characteristics in horizontally uniaxially stressed VTI media. Additionally, this discourse extends to more intricate scenarios involving horizontally biaxially and triaxially stressed VTI media, as delineated by nonlinear acoustoelastic theory. Subsequently, the reflection coefficient of horizontally uniaxially stressed VTI media is expressed in terms of azimuthal Fourier coefficients (FCs), revealing that the unstressed VTI background exhibits heightened sensitivity to zeroth-order FC, while the stress-induced anisotropy manifests greater sensitivity to second-order FC. Through the application of azimuthal FCs-based amplitude versus offset and azimuth (AVOAz) inversion method to both synthetic and field datasets, the proposed model and approach offer promising avenues for reservoir characterization in VTI media subject to horizontal uniaxial stress conditions.

There is a diverging perception of climate tipping points, abrupt changes and surprises in the scientific community and the public. While such dynamics have been observed in the past, e.g., frequent reductions of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last ice age, or ice sheet collapses, tipping points might also be a possibility in an anthropogenically perturbed climate. In this context, high impact—low likelihood events, both in the physical realm as well as in ecosystems, will be potentially dangerous. Here we argue that a formalized assessment of the state of science is needed in order to establish a consensus on this issue and to reconcile diverging views. This has been the approach taken by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since 1990, the IPCC has consistently generated robust consensus on several complex issues, ranging from the detection and attribution of climate change, the global carbon budget and climate sensitivity, to the projection of extreme events and their impact. Here, we suggest that a scientific assessment on tipping points, conducted collaboratively by the IPCC and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, would represent an ambitious yet necessary goal to be accomplished within the next decade.

This paper is concerned with how the diabatically-forced overturning circulations of the atmosphere, established by the deep convection within the tropical trough zone (TTZ), first introduced by Riehl and (Malkus) Simpson, in Contr Atmos Phys 52:287–305 (1979), fundamentally shape the distributions of tropical and subtropical cloudiness and the changes to cloudiness as Earth warms. The study first draws on an analysis of a range of observations to understand the connections between the energetics of the TTZ, convection and clouds. These observations reveal a tight coupling of the two main components of the diabatic heating, the cloud component of radiative heating, shaped mostly by high clouds formed by deep convection, and the latent heating associated with the precipitation. Interannual variability of the TTZ reveals a marked variation that connects the depth of the tropical troposphere, the depth of convection, the thickness of high clouds and the TOA radiative imbalance. The study examines connections between this convective zone and cloud changes further afield in the context of CMIP6 model experiments of climate warming. The warming realized in the CMIP6 SSP5-8.5 scenario multi-model experiments, for example, produces an enhanced Hadley circulation with increased heating in the zone of tropical deep convection and increased radiative cooling and subsidence in the subtropical regions. This impacts low cloud changes and in turn the model warming response through low cloud feedbacks. The pattern of warming produced by models, also influenced by convection in the tropical region, has a profound influence on the projected global warming.