Unveiling the Significance of tert-Butoxides in Transition Metal-Free Cross-Coupling Reactions

IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Topics in Current Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI:10.1007/s41061-024-00478-5
Vipin Kumar, Suman Majee, Km. Anjali, Biswajit Saha, Devalina Ray
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Abstract

The astounding reactivity of tert-butoxides in transition metal-free coupling reactions is driving the scientific community towards a new era of environmental friendly, as well as cost-effective, transformation strategies. Transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions generate hazardous wastes and require harsh reaction conditions, mostly at elevated temperature, which increases not only costs but also environmental concerns regarding the methodology. Tert-butoxide-catalyzed/mediated coupling reactions have several advantages and potential applications. They can form carbon–carbon, carbon–heteroatom, and heteroatom–heteroatom bonds under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic insights into these reactions include both ionic and radical pathways, with the fate of the intermediates depending on the reaction conditions and/or additives used in the reactions. Among all of the known tert-butoxides, potassium tert-butoxide has pronounced applications in transition metal-free coupling reactions as compared to other tert-butoxides, such as sodium and lithium tert-butoxides, because of the higher electropositivity of potassium compared to sodium and lithium. Moreover, potassium tert-butoxide can act as a source of base, nucleophile and single electron donors in various important transformations. In this review, we provide an extensive overview and complete compilation of transition metal-free cross-coupling reactions catalyzed/promoted by tert-butoxides during the past 10 years.

Graphical Abstract

Tert-butoxide-mediated/activated cross-coupling reactions under the transition metal-free condition for benign organic transformation using a greener approach.

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揭示叔丁氧基在无过渡金属交叉偶联反应中的重要作用。
叔丁氧化合物在无过渡金属偶联反应中惊人的反应活性正推动科学界迈向环境友好型、高成本效益转化策略的新时代。过渡金属催化的偶联反应会产生危险废物,而且需要苛刻的反应条件,主要是在高温下进行,这不仅增加了成本,也增加了对环境的担忧。叔丁氧催化/介导的偶联反应具有多项优势和潜在应用。它们可以在温和的反应条件下形成碳-碳键、碳-杂原子键和杂原子-杂原子键。这些反应的机理包括离子途径和自由基途径,中间产物的去向取决于反应条件和/或反应中使用的添加剂。在所有已知的叔丁氧化合物中,与钠和锂叔丁氧化合物等其他叔丁氧化合物相比,叔丁醇钾在无过渡金属偶联反应中具有明显的应用优势,因为与钠和锂相比,钾具有更高的正电性。此外,叔丁醇钾还可以在各种重要的转化过程中充当碱源、亲核剂和单电子供体。在这篇综述中,我们对过去 10 年中由叔丁氧钾催化/促进的无过渡金属交叉偶联反应进行了广泛概述和完整汇编。
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来源期刊
Topics in Current Chemistry
Topics in Current Chemistry 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
11.70
自引率
1.20%
发文量
0
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Topics in Current Chemistry provides in-depth analyses and forward-thinking perspectives on the latest advancements in chemical research. This renowned journal encompasses various domains within chemical science and their intersections with biology, medicine, physics, and materials science. Each collection within the journal aims to offer a comprehensive understanding, accessible to both academic and industrial readers, of emerging research in an area that captivates a broader scientific community. In essence, Topics in Current Chemistry illuminates cutting-edge chemical research, fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, and facilitates knowledge-sharing among diverse scientific audiences.
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