Situs inversus totalis: A case report from Somalia

Abstract

Introduction

Situs inversus totalis (SIT), a rare congenital disorder, involves complete reversal of the heart's position and mirrored arrangement of visceral organs. Early diagnosis is crucial for managing complications like transposition of the great vessels and Kartagener syndrome, marked by bronchiectasis and sinusitis due to ciliary dysfunction.

Case presentation

A 52-year-old male with diabetes mellitus presented with large amounts of watery diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations. He managed his diabetes with 70 units of insulin daily and had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physical examination revealed hypotension, tachycardia, and a right-sided apex beat. Investigations, including chest X-ray, ultrasound, and ECG, confirmed dextrocardia with situs inversus and hypovolemic shock secondary to acute gastroenteritis. The patient responded well to treatment and was discharged on the second day, continuing diabetic management.

Discussion

SIT is a genetically determined anomaly with an incidence ranging from 1:35 000 to 1:1400, averaging 1:10 000, with a higher prevalence in males. Many patients are asymptomatic, with the condition often detected incidentally. Diagnostic imaging techniques, including chest radiography, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasonography, are crucial in confirming SIT. ECG findings, such as right-axis deviation and reversed QRS complexes, are valuable in diagnosing dextrocardia. Patient education is essential to empower individuals with SIT to navigate their healthcare, prevent complications, and reduce anxiety.

Conclusion

SIT poses diagnostic challenges due to its incidental discovery. Accurate diagnosis relies on thorough imaging and clinical evaluation. Patient education is vital for informed care and anxiety reduction. Case reviews underscore the importance of healthcare providers' readiness to diagnose SIT effectively despite unrelated symptoms.