Rapid diagnosis of the geospatial distribution of intertidal macroalgae using large-scale UAVs

Abstract

Macroalgae have been used as indicators of the health of coastal ecosystems, they function as sinks of CO${}_2$ and are essential contributors to primary production. With the increase in anthropogenic activities, it is crucial to assess the impact of such activities on these ecosystems. As traditional surveying techniques, although accurate, are time-consuming and their area coverage is limited, novel techniques are required to monitor the coverage and diversity of intertidal macroalgae. We propose a methodology using the free-source Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin from QGIS to use UAV and multispectral cameras for the spatiotemporal monitoring of intertidal macroalgae. We also compared the performance of six classifiers: Minimum Distance (MD), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Spectral Angle Mapping (SAM), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), for three types of macroalgae classification: general, taxonomical groups and species. As proof of concept, an intertidal rocky shore in a marine protected area (NW Spain) was studied for four months. RF and SVM achieved similar results, with both being recommended for the general (OA${}_{\mathrm{SVM}}$ = 97.4$\pm$1.7 and OA${}_{\mathrm{RF}}$ = 98.3$\pm$1.7) and taxonomical groups (OA${}_{\mathrm{SVM}}$ = 91.6$\pm$1.9 and OA${}_{\mathrm{RF}}$ = 89.2$\pm$4.5). SVM and ML were found to be more suitable for species classification (OA${}_{\mathrm{SVM}}$ = 77.4$\pm$11.4 and OA${}_{\mathrm{ML}}$ = 74.2$\pm$9.7). SAM and MLP provided the least performant species classifiers because of the overlap in the macroalgae spectral signatures. The plugin showed limitations when tuning the input parameters of the MLP classifier and did not let to add a validation dataset. Additionally, we present an open-access GIS web application, Alganat 2000 GIS web, to facilitate the monitoring and management of coastal areas. We conclude that the proposed methodology using the SVM or ML classifiers is an effective tool for assessing intertidal macroalgal assemblages. Its easy and rapid implementation is beneficial for researchers who are not very familiar with coding and machine learning frameworks and reduces the time and cost of fieldwork. As future work, we propose the combination of the multispectral bands with topographic and spectral indices and to research the application of deep learning models to the classification of intertidal macroalgae.