Optimization of material properties and performance of flexible thermoelectric generators with/without graphene

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Energy Conversion and Management-X Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI:10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100741
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Abstract

With the advancement of energy harvesting methods, the power level consumed by electronic circuits and sensors has been reduced so that self-sufficiency in power can be achieved, and the use of flexible thermoelectric generators to supply electrical energy is one of these methods. In this study, the manufacture of flexible thermoelectric generators is successfully developed and verified using a numerical method. The process follows the sandwich method of the conventional thermoelectric module and utilizes two different elastomers (polydimethylsiloxane and Eco-Flex) and thin copper sheets. Among the nine cases designed by the Taguchi method, the maximum tensile strength of the elastomer is 0.967 MPa, stemming from the operation conditions of 6 min stirring time, 85 °C heating temperature, and 3 h heating time. This strength is substantially higher than those of the other eight cases. The open-circuit voltage of the manufactured flexible thermoelectric generator with an internal resistance of 1.5 Ω is 0.011 V. The output power under a temperature difference of 75 °C is 11 μW. After blending graphene into polydimethylsiloxane, the elastomer’s thermal conductivity at 370 K rises by 9.6 folds. This results in the output power being lifted to 0.0515 W (75 °C temperature difference), accounting for an amplification of 4,681 times. Numerical simulations are also performed to aid in figuring out the detailed performance of the flexible thermoelectric generator. The errors between numerical simulations and experiments are between 4.6 % and 5.2 %, showing the reliability of the numerical predictions. The fabricated flexible thermoelectric generators can be practically used for green power generation by harvesting industrial low-temperature waste heat and biothermal energy, potentially driving sensors on industrial devices, the human body, and animals.

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优化含/不含石墨烯柔性热电发电机的材料特性和性能
随着能量收集方法的发展,电子电路和传感器消耗的功率水平已经降低,从而可以实现电力自给自足,而使用柔性热电发电机提供电能就是其中的一种方法。本研究采用数值方法成功开发并验证了柔性热电发电机的制造。该工艺沿用了传统热电模块的夹层法,并使用了两种不同的弹性体(聚二甲基硅氧烷和 Eco-Flex)和薄铜片。在田口方法设计的九种情况中,在搅拌时间为 6 分钟、加热温度为 85 ℃、加热时间为 3 小时的操作条件下,弹性体的最大拉伸强度为 0.967 兆帕。这一强度大大高于其他八种情况。内阻为 1.5 Ω 的柔性热电发生器的开路电压为 0.011 V,在 75 °C 温差下的输出功率为 11 μW。将石墨烯混入聚二甲基硅氧烷后,弹性体在 370 K 时的热导率提高了 9.6 倍。这使得输出功率提高到 0.0515 W(75 °C 温差),相当于放大了 4,681 倍。我们还进行了数值模拟,以帮助确定柔性热电发生器的详细性能。数值模拟和实验之间的误差介于 4.6 % 和 5.2 % 之间,显示了数值预测的可靠性。制造出的柔性热电发生器可通过收集工业低温废热和生物热能实际用于绿色发电,并有可能驱动工业设备、人体和动物上的传感器。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
3.20%
发文量
180
审稿时长
58 days
期刊介绍: Energy Conversion and Management: X is the open access extension of the reputable journal Energy Conversion and Management, serving as a platform for interdisciplinary research on a wide array of critical energy subjects. The journal is dedicated to publishing original contributions and in-depth technical review articles that present groundbreaking research on topics spanning energy generation, utilization, conversion, storage, transmission, conservation, management, and sustainability. The scope of Energy Conversion and Management: X encompasses various forms of energy, including mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, electromagnetic, magnetic, and electric energy. It addresses all known energy resources, highlighting both conventional sources like fossil fuels and nuclear power, as well as renewable resources such as solar, biomass, hydro, wind, geothermal, and ocean energy.
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