Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献

Artificial intelligence-based forecasting models for integrated energy system management planning: An exploration of the prospects for South Africa 基于人工智能的综合能源系统管理规划预测模型：南非前景探讨

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100772

Senthil Krishnamurthy , Oludamilare Bode Adewuyi , Emmanuel Luwaca , Mukovhe Ratshitanga , Prathaban Moodley

The regional energy demand for Southern Africa has been predicted to increase by ten to fourteen times between the years 2010 and 2070. Thus, to address the proliferation of energy demand, South Africa’s integrated resource plan, which includes using renewable energy sources to increase the electricity supply and reduce the country’s carbon footprint, has been formulated. However, integrating renewable power into the power grid brings different dynamics for the system operators, as renewable power sources are variable and uncertain. Thus, accurate demand and generation forecasting become critical to the safe operation and ensuring continuity of supply, as consumers require. Due to the complexity of the earth’s atmosphere, weather forecasting uncertainty, and region-specific criteria, traditional forecasting models are limited. Thus, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and other artificial intelligence techniques are attractive possibilities for improving classical forecasting models. This study comprehensively reviewed relevant works on AI-based models for generation potential and load demand forecasting toward intelligent energy resource management and planning. The approach involved searching research databases and other sources for studies, reports, and publications on location-specific energy resource management using criteria such as demography, policy, and sociotechnical information. Consequently, the review study has highlighted how AI predictive analytics can enhance long-term energy resource potential and load forecasting toward improving electricity sector performance and promoting integrated energy system management implementation in South Africa.

据预测，从 2010 年到 2070 年，南部非洲的区域能源需求将增加 10 到 14 倍。因此，为了解决能源需求激增的问题，南非制定了综合资源计划，其中包括利用可再生能源来增加电力供应和减少国家的碳足迹。然而，由于可再生能源的可变性和不确定性，将可再生能源纳入电网给系统运营商带来了不同的动力。因此，准确的需求和发电预测对于安全运行和确保连续供电至关重要，这也是消费者的要求。由于地球大气层的复杂性、天气预报的不确定性以及特定地区的标准，传统的预测模型存在局限性。因此，机器学习、深度学习和其他人工智能技术是改进经典预报模型的诱人可能性。本研究全面回顾了基于人工智能的发电潜力和负荷需求预测模型的相关工作，以实现能源资源的智能管理和规划。研究方法包括利用人口、政策和社会技术信息等标准，搜索研究数据库和其他来源有关特定地点能源资源管理的研究、报告和出版物。因此，审查研究强调了人工智能预测分析如何加强长期能源资源潜力和负荷预测，从而提高南非电力部门的绩效并促进综合能源系统管理的实施。

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引用次数: 0

Novel energy efficient integration of chimney ventilation, liquid desiccant dehumidification, and evaporative cooling for humid climates 烟囱通风、液体干燥剂除湿和蒸发冷却的新型高效节能集成技术，适用于潮湿气候

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100755

Omar Allahham , Kamel Ghali , Nesreen Ghaddar

The chimney effect for driving passively building ventilation is effective in dry and moderate climates to introduce cool fresh air into the space. However, its application in hot humid climates is limited due to the high energy demands associated with dehumidifying and cooling outdoor air. Thus, a novel energy-efficient assistive system is proposed integrating a chimney-driven ventilation with liquid desiccant dehumidification membrane loop and indirect evaporative cooling. This system leverages natural buoyancy to supply ventilation airflow and uses potassium formate loops through semi-permeable membranes for effective dehumidification. The objective is to dehumidify and cool the induced outdoor air to the room conditions of

24^{°} C

and relative humidity between

40 %

and

60 %

at minimal energy consumption. Mathematical models were developed to simulate the heat and mass transfer processes in the air and liquid desiccant flows within the system components. The system was sized, and its operation was optimized using an advanced machine learning-genetic algorithm model for a typical office space in Beirut. During the summer, the chimney air flowrate ranged from

45 L / s

to

48 L / s

, and it was delivered at the target room conditions. The system saved around

350 k W h

of electrical energy during the summer months due to elimination of the need to treat ventilation air by room cooling system. This was equivalent to the total energy required to handle the ventilation load during the summer season and resulted in a saving of $50/month in the case study.

在干燥和温和的气候条件下，烟囱效应能有效地驱动被动式建筑通风，为空间引入凉爽的新鲜空气。然而，由于除湿和冷却室外空气所需的能耗较高，它在炎热潮湿气候中的应用受到限制。因此，我们提出了一种新型节能辅助系统，将烟囱驱动通风与液体干燥剂除湿膜循环和间接蒸发冷却整合在一起。该系统利用自然浮力提供通风气流，并通过半透膜使用甲酸钾回路进行有效除湿。其目的是以最低的能耗将室外空气除湿和冷却到 24°C 的室内环境和 40% 至 60% 的相对湿度。开发了数学模型来模拟系统组件内空气和液体干燥剂流动的传热和传质过程。利用先进的机器学习遗传算法模型，对贝鲁特典型办公空间的系统大小和运行情况进行了优化。在夏季，烟囱空气流量在 45 升/秒至 48 升/秒之间，并在目标室内条件下输送。由于无需使用室内冷却系统处理通风空气，该系统在夏季节省了约 350 千瓦时的电能。这相当于夏季处理通风负荷所需的总能量，在案例研究中每月可节省 50 美元。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing hybrid renewable energy based automated railway level crossing in Bangladesh: Techno-economic, emission and sensitivity analysis 优化孟加拉国基于混合可再生能源的自动铁路平交道口：技术经济、排放和敏感性分析

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100744

Zia Ul Islam , M.S. Hossain Lipu , Tahia F. Karim , Abu M. Fuad , M.M. Naushad Ali , ASM Shihavuddin , Ahmed Al Mansur

The railway system in Bangladesh, particularly the level crossing system, needs significant advancements, including a shift towards using renewable energy to power these crossings. As a solution, this study proposes optimal hybrid systems powered by renewable energy on an automated railway level crossing system, which is reliable, efficient, and sustainable. The main contribution of this study is to introduce an optimal hybrid renewable energy-based automated railway level crossing system in Bangladesh, focusing on technical and economic evaluation, emissions, and sensitivity assessment using HOMER Pro. The proposed system examines the optimal outcome for a 1 kW vertical-axis wind turbine and a 0.440 kW photovoltaic system at five selected locations. The results reveal satisfactory net present cost values amounting to USD 8495, USD 8505, USD 8564, USD 8262, and USD 8357 for Narayanganj, Cox’s Bazaar, Noakhali, Dinajpur, and Rajshahi respectively. Moreover, HOMER Pro indicates that the photovoltaic-wind turbine–grid-connected model offers a lower Cost of Energy which is around 0.03 USD/kWh compared to other configurations. The Internal Rate of Return for the selected locations are 20 %, 33.7 %, 31.5 %, 5.2 %, and 4.6 % for Narayanganj, Cox’s Bazaar, Noakhali, Dinajpur, and Rajshahi, respectively. The developed structure is projected to have a payback period ranging from 4.57 to 13.29 years across the five selected locations. Furthermore, the proposed systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 44.23 % compared to a grid-only system. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is performed by varying wind speed and solar irradiation to emphasize the robustness of the proposed systems.

孟加拉国的铁路系统，尤其是平交道口系统，需要进行重大改进，包括转向使用可再生能源为这些道口供电。作为一种解决方案，本研究提出了在自动铁路平交道口系统上使用可再生能源供电的最佳混合系统，该系统可靠、高效且可持续。本研究的主要贡献是介绍孟加拉国基于可再生能源的最优混合自动铁路平交道口系统，重点关注技术和经济评估、排放以及使用 HOMER Pro 进行的敏感性评估。拟议系统在五个选定地点对 1 千瓦垂直轴风力涡轮机和 0.440 千瓦光伏系统的最佳结果进行了研究。结果显示，Narayanganj、Cox's Bazaar、Noakhali、Dinajpur 和 Rajshahi 的净现值分别为 8495 美元、8505 美元、8564 美元、8262 美元和 8357 美元，令人满意。此外，HOMER Pro 显示，与其他配置相比，光伏-风力涡轮机并网模式的能源成本较低，约为 0.03 美元/千瓦时。所选地点的内部收益率分别为 20%、33.7%、31.5%、5.2% 和 4.6%，分别位于 Narayanganj、Cox's Bazaar、Noakhali、Dinajpur 和 Rajshahi。据预测，在五个选定地点，所开发结构的投资回收期从 4.57 年到 13.29 年不等。此外，与纯电网系统相比，建议的系统最多可减少 44.23% 的温室气体排放。此外，还通过改变风速和太阳辐照度进行了敏感性分析，以强调拟议系统的稳健性。

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引用次数: 0

Electrical Performance and Degradation Analysis of Field-Aged PV Modules in Tropical Climates: A Comparative Experimental Study 热带气候下野外老化光伏组件的电气性能和退化分析：对比实验研究

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100719

Md. Imamul Islam , Mohd Shawal Bin Jadin , Ahmed Al Mansur , Talal Alharbi

Performance degradation is a prevalent phenomenon in solar photovoltaic systems globally, with varying aging profiles and effects depending on environmental and climatic conditions. This paper presents an extensive investigation of the electrical performance, aging mechanisms, and degradation analysis of field-aged PV modules under the tropical climate of Malaysia. Utilizing a combination of visual inspection, I-V curve measurement, and thermal imaging techniques, this research provides a comprehensive assessment of the electrical and thermal properties of field-aged PV modules from two locations in Malaysia over extended periods (8 years at UMPSA and 10 years at Pasir Mas). The multi-faceted approach of the study allows for a deeper understanding of the degradation process, offering insights into the causes and effects of higher current and lower voltage in aged modules. The study found the average annual degradation rates at UMPSA were 0.3% for open circuit voltage (

V_{oc}

), 0.23% for short circuit current (

I_{sc}

), 0.81% for maximum power (

P_{\max}

), and 0.35% for fill factor (FF) and at Pasir Mas, the average annual degradation rates were 1.124% for Voc, −0.166% for Isc, 1.276% for Pmax, and 0.43% for FF. The study also found that monocrystalline silicon (m-Si) panels experienced an average power degradation of 6.48%, while polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) panels showed a higher degradation of 12.76%. However, Thermal imaging revealed significant temperature variations across the modules, with hotspots reaching up to 11.2 °C above cooler areas in UMPSA panels and an even more pronounced 26.1 °C difference in Pasir Mas modules. These temperature disparities highlight the uneven heat distribution and potential performance issues in the panels. This research contributes to the understanding of PV module degradation in tropical climates and aligns with sustainable development, climate change mitigation efforts, and SDG 7 by promoting sustainable energy solutions.

性能退化是全球太阳能光伏系统的普遍现象，其老化情况和影响因环境和气候条件而异。本文对马来西亚热带气候下实地老化光伏组件的电气性能、老化机制和退化分析进行了广泛调查。这项研究结合使用了目视检查、I-V 曲线测量和热成像技术，对马来西亚两个地点的实地老化光伏组件的电气和热性能进行了全面评估，评估时间跨度较长（UMPSA 为 8 年，Pasir Mas 为 10 年）。这项研究采用了多方面的方法，有助于深入了解退化过程，深入了解老化组件电流增大和电压降低的原因和影响。研究发现，在 UMPSA，开路电压（Voc）的年平均衰减率为 0.3%，短路电流（Isc）为 0.23%，最大功率（Pmax）为 0.81%，填充因子（FF）为 0.35%；在 Pasir Mas，开路电压（Voc）的年平均衰减率为 1.124%，短路电流（Isc）为 -0.166%，最大功率（Pmax）为 1.276%，填充因子（FF）为 0.43%。研究还发现，单晶硅（m-Si）电池板的平均功率衰减率为 6.48%，而多晶硅（p-Si）电池板的衰减率更高，为 12.76%。然而，热成像技术显示组件的温度差异很大，在 UMPSA 面板中，热点温度比冷点温度高出 11.2 °C，而在 Pasir Mas 组件中，差异甚至达到 26.1 °C。这些温度差异凸显了电池板热量分布不均和潜在的性能问题。这项研究有助于了解热带气候下的光伏组件退化情况，并通过推广可持续能源解决方案，与可持续发展、减缓气候变化的努力以及可持续发展目标 7 保持一致。

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引用次数: 0

An Ecoflex-encapsulated interlayer-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for Sports activity monitoring 用于体育活动监测的 Ecoflex 封装层间结构三电纳米发电机

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100759

Haojie Yang, Zhongyang Xu, Zixuan Liu, Yifei Lu, Yonggeng Wei, Yong Shi

Incorporating self-powered devices with flexible sensors not only tackles the power obstacles linked to wearable electronics but also greatly broadens their capability and application fields. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) have garnered significant interest in the wearable electronics sector because of their distinct ability to harness ambient energy. Several techniques have been suggested to improve the efficiency of TENG, but these strategies often result in higher intricacy and manufacturing expenses. This study presents an interlayer structure that efficiently increases the surface contact area of TENG, consequently improving their output performance. Using this structure, a cost-effective, highly sensitive, and easily manufacturable sensor called the Ecoflex-encapsulated interlayered triboelectric nanogenerator (EI-TENG), has been developed. The EI-TENG demonstrates superior performance compared to a monolayer TENG (M-TENG) of identical dimensions, exhibiting a 1.6-fold increase in voltage output, a fivefold enhancement in minimum measurement precision, and a 2.29-fold increase in sensitivity. In addition, the EI-TENG exhibits exceptional endurance, as it maintains a consistent output even after undergoing 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, it reliably functions under different temperature and humidity situations. The energy produced by the EI-TENG is adequate to power 45 LED lamps directly. The EI-TENG, when affixed to an athlete’s hand, is capable of sensing the distribution of pressure while dribbling and shooting a ball, which assists athletes in honing their methods and making necessary adjustments to their hand strength. This study not only demonstrates the creation of interlayer-structured TENG, which produces a high amount of electrical energy and is durable and stable in many environments, but also provides valuable information for the future advancement of affordable, self-sustaining electronic devices.

将自供电设备与灵活的传感器结合在一起，不仅能解决与可穿戴电子设备相关的电力障碍，还能大大拓宽其能力和应用领域。三电纳米发电机（TENG）因其利用环境能源的独特能力而在可穿戴电子设备领域备受关注。人们已经提出了几种提高 TENG 效率的技术，但这些策略往往会导致更高的复杂性和制造成本。本研究提出了一种夹层结构，可有效增加 TENG 的表面接触面积，从而提高其输出性能。利用这种结构，我们开发出了一种高性价比、高灵敏度且易于制造的传感器，即 Ecoflex 封装夹层三电纳米发生器（EI-TENG）。与相同尺寸的单层三电纳米发生器（M-TENG）相比，EI-TENG 表现出更优越的性能，电压输出提高了 1.6 倍，最低测量精度提高了 5 倍，灵敏度提高了 2.29 倍。此外，EI-TENG 还具有超强的耐用性，即使在经历 10,000 次循环后仍能保持稳定的输出。此外，它还能在不同的温度和湿度条件下可靠地工作。EI-TENG 产生的能量足以直接为 45 盏 LED 灯供电。EI-TENG 贴在运动员手上后，能够感知运球和投篮时的压力分布，从而帮助运动员磨练方法并对手部力量进行必要的调整。这项研究不仅展示了层间结构 TENG 的制作过程，这种 TENG 能够产生大量电能，并在多种环境中持久稳定地工作，而且还为未来开发经济实惠、可自我维持的电子设备提供了宝贵的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Green tribology assessment: A Comprehensive review of bio-lubricants and nano enhancers 绿色摩擦学评估：生物润滑剂和纳米增强剂综述

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100794

Amirmahdi Rahmani, Hesam Khadem Razavi, Masoud Dehghani-Soufi

The pursuit of sustainable lubrication solutions has led to significant research efforts in the development of bio-lubricants, aligned with green tribology principles, to mitigate environmental impact and enhance industrial efficiency. Nonetheless, the major setbacks such as food competing for the same vegetable oils resources, high costs of sourcing the raw materials, and difficulties in the application of nano additives have limited the extent of bio-lubricants usage. In this review, recent advancements in bio-lubricant production, focusing on chemical modifications to improve the thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and performance characteristics of vegetable oils are explored. Additionally, using nanoparticles as nano enhancers in bio-lubricants is examined for their potential to reduce friction and wear. The tribological performance of nano enhanced bio-lubricants is evaluated, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing viscosity, reducing friction coefficients, and improving wear resistance. This paper also argues that it is necessary to improve the purity and dispersion of bio-lubricants to make them more economically viable for the performance. Finally, the incorporation of bio-lubricants with petroleum-based alternatives and implementation of eco-friendly nanomaterials is suggested to foster sustainable development in lubricant manufacturing without compromising economic aspects.

对可持续润滑解决方案的追求促使人们大力研发符合绿色摩擦学原理的生物润滑剂，以减轻对环境的影响并提高工业效率。尽管如此，生物润滑剂在使用过程中也遇到了一些主要问题，如食品对相同植物油资源的竞争、原材料采购成本高昂以及纳米添加剂的应用困难等，这些都限制了生物润滑剂的使用范围。本综述探讨了生物润滑油生产的最新进展，重点是通过化学改性来提高植物油的热稳定性、抗氧化性和性能特征。此外，还研究了在生物润滑油中使用纳米颗粒作为纳米增强剂以减少摩擦和磨损的潜力。本文对纳米增强型生物润滑剂的摩擦学性能进行了评估，强调了它们在提高粘度、降低摩擦系数和改善耐磨性方面的功效。本文还认为，有必要提高生物润滑剂的纯度和分散性，使其性能更具经济可行性。最后，本文建议将生物润滑剂与石油基替代品相结合，并采用生态友好型纳米材料，以促进润滑剂制造的可持续发展，同时又不影响经济效益。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of digitalization on smart grids, renewable energy, and demand response: An updated review of current applications 数字化对智能电网、可再生能源和需求响应的影响：当前应用的最新回顾

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100790

Mou Mahmood , Prangon Chowdhury , Rahbaar Yeassin , Mahmudul Hasan , Tanvir Ahmad , Nahid-Ur-Rahman Chowdhury

Decarbonization, decentralization, and digitalization are essential for advanced energy systems (AES), which encompass smart grids, renewable energy integration, and demand response initiatives. Digitalization is a significant trend that transforms societal, economic, and environmental processes globally. This shift moves us from traditional power grids to decentralized, intelligent networks that enhance efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. By integrating data and connectivity, these technologies optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption. This article presents a comprehensive literature review of four closely related emerging technologies: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain, and Digital Twin (DT) in AES. Our findings from the previous works indicate that AI significantly improves Demand Response strategies by enhancing the prediction, optimization, and management of energy consumption. Techniques like linear regression effectively predict power demand and aggregated loads, while more complex methods such as Support Vector Regression (SVR) and reinforcement learning (RL) optimize appliance scheduling and load forecasting. The integration of IoT technologies into Energy Management Systems (EMS) further enhances efficiency and sustainability through real-time monitoring and automated control. Additionally, DT technology aids in simulating energy scenarios and optimizing consumption in both residential and commercial smart grids. Our findings also emphasize blockchain’s role in creating decentralized energy trading platforms, facilitating peer-to-peer transactions, and enhancing trust through smart contracts. The insights gained from this review highlight the essential role of these emerging technologies in supporting decentralized, intelligent energy networks, offering valuable strategies for stakeholders to navigate the complexities of the evolving digital energy landscape.

去碳化、分散化和数字化对先进能源系统（AES）至关重要，其中包括智能电网、可再生能源集成和需求响应措施。数字化是改变全球社会、经济和环境进程的重要趋势。这一转变使我们从传统的电网转向分散的智能网络，从而提高了效率、可靠性和可持续性。通过整合数据和连接性，这些技术优化了能源生产、分配和消费。本文对四种密切相关的新兴技术进行了全面的文献综述：人工智能（AI）、物联网（IoT）、区块链和 AES 中的数字孪生（DT）。前人的研究结果表明，人工智能通过加强能源消耗的预测、优化和管理，极大地改进了需求响应策略。线性回归等技术能有效预测电力需求和总负荷，而支持向量回归（SVR）和强化学习（RL）等更复杂的方法则能优化设备调度和负荷预测。将物联网技术集成到能源管理系统（EMS）中，可通过实时监控和自动控制进一步提高效率和可持续性。此外，DT 技术还有助于模拟能源情景，优化住宅和商业智能电网中的能源消耗。我们的研究结果还强调了区块链在创建去中心化能源交易平台、促进点对点交易以及通过智能合约增强信任方面的作用。从本综述中获得的见解强调了这些新兴技术在支持去中心化、智能化能源网络中的重要作用，为利益相关者提供了有价值的战略，以应对不断发展的数字能源领域的复杂性。

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引用次数: 0

The economywide impact of bioethanol production in South Africa 南非生物乙醇生产对整个经济的影响

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100729

Lungani Mvelase, Stuart Ferrer

Bioethanol production as a substitute for petroleum in road transport fuels has been identified as a potential partial solution to environmental and socioeconomic challenges facing developing countries, including South Africa. Biofuels in motor vehicles emit fewer GHGs relative to conventional fuels, and their production can lead to economic growth and associated socioeconomic outcomes, including increased labour employment and improved household welfare. The objective of this paper was to quantify the socioeconomic impact of bioethanol production in South Africa using sugarcane as a feedstock and to assess the effects of increasing the size of the bioethanol plant. The study is based on the 2018 KwaZulu-Natal and South African Social Accounting Matrices (SAM), and two assumed scenarios are considered, namely a scenario where only export destined sugarcane is used to produce bioethanol (scenario I) and a scenario when all sugarcane is used to produce bioethanol (Scenario II). The SAMs modified from the SAMs initially compiled by Conningarth Economists were used to develop an input–output multipliers economic impact model. The production of bioethanol from sugarcane was anticipated to have positive socioeconomic impacts namely, an increase in the country’s GDP, employment growth, gross-capital formation, positive contribution to fiscus, improvement in household welfare and positive contribution to the balance of payment (BOP). Expanding the size of the bioethanol plant is expected to magnify the impacts. The study, therefore, recommends a removal of bottlenecks in bioethanol expansion, including high feedstock cost, limited investment, and absence of mandatory blending policy, amongst others.

作为道路运输燃料中的石油替代品，生物乙醇的生产被认为是解决包括南非在内的发展中国家所面临的环境和社会经济挑战的潜在部分方案。与传统燃料相比，机动车使用的生物燃料排放的温室气体较少，而且其生产可带来经济增长和相关的社会经济成果，包括增加劳动力就业和改善家庭福利。本文旨在量化南非以甘蔗为原料生产生物乙醇的社会经济影响，并评估扩大生物乙醇工厂规模的影响。研究以 2018 年夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省和南非社会核算矩阵（SAM）为基础，考虑了两种假定情景，即仅使用出口甘蔗生产生物乙醇的情景（情景 I）和使用所有甘蔗生产生物乙醇的情景（情景 II）。根据康宁纳斯经济学家最初编制的 SAMs 修订的 SAMs 被用于开发投入产出乘数经济影响模型。利用甘蔗生产生物乙醇预计将产生积极的社会经济影响，即增加国家的国内生产总值、就业增长、资本形成总额、对财政的积极贡献、改善家庭福利以及对国际收支（BOP）的积极贡献。扩大生物乙醇工厂的规模预计会扩大影响。因此，研究建议消除生物乙醇扩张的瓶颈，包括原料成本高、投资有限、缺乏强制性混合政策等。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of material properties and performance of flexible thermoelectric generators with/without graphene 优化含/不含石墨烯柔性热电发电机的材料特性和性能

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100741

Wei-Hsin Chen , Wei-Cheng Bai , Ding Luo , Argel A. Bandala , Xiao-Dong Wang , Anh Tuan Hoang

With the advancement of energy harvesting methods, the power level consumed by electronic circuits and sensors has been reduced so that self-sufficiency in power can be achieved, and the use of flexible thermoelectric generators to supply electrical energy is one of these methods. In this study, the manufacture of flexible thermoelectric generators is successfully developed and verified using a numerical method. The process follows the sandwich method of the conventional thermoelectric module and utilizes two different elastomers (polydimethylsiloxane and Eco-Flex) and thin copper sheets. Among the nine cases designed by the Taguchi method, the maximum tensile strength of the elastomer is 0.967 MPa, stemming from the operation conditions of 6 min stirring time, 85 °C heating temperature, and 3 h heating time. This strength is substantially higher than those of the other eight cases. The open-circuit voltage of the manufactured flexible thermoelectric generator with an internal resistance of 1.5 Ω is 0.011 V. The output power under a temperature difference of 75 °C is 11 μW. After blending graphene into polydimethylsiloxane, the elastomer’s thermal conductivity at 370 K rises by 9.6 folds. This results in the output power being lifted to 0.0515 W (75 °C temperature difference), accounting for an amplification of 4,681 times. Numerical simulations are also performed to aid in figuring out the detailed performance of the flexible thermoelectric generator. The errors between numerical simulations and experiments are between 4.6 % and 5.2 %, showing the reliability of the numerical predictions. The fabricated flexible thermoelectric generators can be practically used for green power generation by harvesting industrial low-temperature waste heat and biothermal energy, potentially driving sensors on industrial devices, the human body, and animals.

随着能量收集方法的发展，电子电路和传感器消耗的功率水平已经降低，从而可以实现电力自给自足，而使用柔性热电发电机提供电能就是其中的一种方法。本研究采用数值方法成功开发并验证了柔性热电发电机的制造。该工艺沿用了传统热电模块的夹层法，并使用了两种不同的弹性体（聚二甲基硅氧烷和 Eco-Flex）和薄铜片。在田口方法设计的九种情况中，在搅拌时间为 6 分钟、加热温度为 85 ℃、加热时间为 3 小时的操作条件下，弹性体的最大拉伸强度为 0.967 兆帕。这一强度大大高于其他八种情况。内阻为 1.5 Ω 的柔性热电发生器的开路电压为 0.011 V，在 75 °C 温差下的输出功率为 11 μW。将石墨烯混入聚二甲基硅氧烷后，弹性体在 370 K 时的热导率提高了 9.6 倍。这使得输出功率提高到 0.0515 W（75 °C 温差），相当于放大了 4,681 倍。我们还进行了数值模拟，以帮助确定柔性热电发生器的详细性能。数值模拟和实验之间的误差介于 4.6 % 和 5.2 % 之间，显示了数值预测的可靠性。制造出的柔性热电发生器可通过收集工业低温废热和生物热能实际用于绿色发电，并有可能驱动工业设备、人体和动物上的传感器。

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引用次数: 0

Water desalination using waste heat recovery of thermal power plant in tropical climate; optimization by AI 利用热带气候下热电厂的余热回收进行海水淡化；通过人工智能进行优化

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100731

Ehsanolah Assareh , Mohammad Firoozzadeh , Mohammad Zoghi , Ali Zare , Yasaman Ghazi , Ali Shahin-Banna

The primary objective of the current research is to address the pressing issue of water scarcity in Khuzestan Province, Iran, specifically targeting the Khorramshahr gas power plant. The proposed redesign incorporates a Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) unit with Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC) and dual-pressure heat recovery steam generators. This innovative system aims to optimize cost reduction, minimize CO₂ emissions, and maximize both net output power & energy efficiency, simultaneously. The optimization process is facilitated by artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms, utilizing EES and MATLAB software. Optimized system is projected to gain more average cost of 1,912.1 $/h, reflecting the investment required for the redesign and upgrades. Water production is expected to reach 64 kg/s, and the energy efficiency is anticipated to increase by more than 10 %. CO₂ emissions are forecasted to decrease by approximately 23 %. From exergy point of view, the exergy efficiency of the system has been enhanced from 31.1 % for the conventional state to 41.7 % as the best optimized case (10.6 % improvement). In the suggested system, outlet gas exergy, with an amount of 136.9 MW, is recovered. Finally, the net power output is set to rise by around 32 %, further enhancing the overall performance of the power plant.

当前研究的主要目标是解决伊朗胡齐斯坦省水资源短缺的紧迫问题，特别是针对霍拉姆沙赫尔天然气发电厂。拟议的重新设计将多效蒸馏（MED）装置与热蒸汽压缩（TVC）和双压热回收蒸汽发生器结合在一起。这一创新系统旨在优化成本降低，最大限度地减少二氧化碳排放，同时最大限度地提高净输出功率和能效。人工神经网络和遗传算法利用 EES 和 MATLAB 软件促进了优化过程。优化后的系统预计平均成本为 1,912.1 美元/小时，反映了重新设计和升级所需的投资。产水量预计将达到 64 千克/秒，能效预计将提高 10%以上。二氧化碳排放量预计将减少约 23%。从放能角度来看，系统的放能效率已从传统状态下的 31.1% 提高到最佳优化状态下的 41.7%（提高了 10.6%）。在建议的系统中，回收了 136.9 兆瓦的出口气体放能。最后，净输出功率将增加约 32%，进一步提高了发电厂的整体性能。

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引用次数: 0