Nutritional Optimization for Brain Health in Contact Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Long-Chain ω-3 Fatty Acids and Neurofilament Light

IF 3.8 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Current Developments in Nutrition Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104454

Jeffery L Heileson , Michael J Macartney , Nora L Watson , Tina E Sergi , Andrew R Jagim , Ryan Anthony , Gregory E Peoples

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Abstract

Background

Accumulating evidence has highlighted the acute and chronic impact of repetitive subconcussive head impacts (rSHIs) in contact sports. Neurofilament-light (Nf-L), a brain-derived biomarker of neuroaxonal injury, elevates in concert with rSHI. Recently, long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC ω-3 PUFAs) supplementation has been suggested to mitigate brain injury from rSHI as reflected by attenuation of Nf-L concentrations within contact sport athletes.

Objective

Using a systematic review with a meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the effect of LC ω-3 PUFA supplementation on Nf-L concentrations in athletes routinely exposed to rSHI.

Methods

Electronic databases (PubMed and CINAHL) were searched from inception through January 2024. One-stage meta-analysis of individual participant-level data was used to detect changes in Nf-L concentrations between LC ω-3 PUFA and control/placebo (PL) groups from baseline to midseason (MS) and postseason (PS). Least square means (±SE) for Nf-L change from baseline were compared by treatment group for MS/PS using contrast t tests. Significance was set a priori at adjusted P ≤ 0.05.

Results

Of 460 records identified, 3 studies in collegiate American football players (n = 179; LC ω-3 PUFA = 105, PL = 71) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with PL, the change in Nf-L concentrations was statistically similar at MS [mean difference (MD) = –1.66 ± 0.82 pg·mL–1, adjusted P = 0.09] and significantly lower at PS (MD = –2.23 ± 0.83 pg·mL–1, adjusted P = 0.02) in athletes following LC ω-3 PUFA supplementation.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate preliminary support for the prophylactic administration of LC ω-3 PUFA in contact sport athletes exposed to rSHI; however, further research is required to determine the effective dosage required.

This trial was registered at OSF (DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EY5QW).

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接触性运动中促进大脑健康的营养优化：关于长链ω-3脂肪酸和神经丝光的系统回顾和荟萃分析

背景有越来越多的证据表明，在接触性运动中，重复性头部亚撞击（rSHIs）会造成急性和慢性影响。神经丝光（Nf-L）是神经轴突损伤的脑源性生物标志物，它的升高与重复性头部撞击（rSHIs）有关。最近，有人建议补充长链ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸（LC ω-3 PUFAs）以减轻 rSHI 对大脑的损伤，这体现在接触性运动运动员体内 Nf-L 浓度的降低上。方法检索了从开始到 2024 年 1 月的电子数据库（PubMed 和 CINAHL）。对个体参与者水平的数据进行单阶段荟萃分析，以检测 LC ω-3 PUFA 组和对照组/安慰剂组 (PL) 从基线到季中 (MS) 和季后 (PS) Nf-L 浓度的变化。使用对比 t 检验比较了 MS/PS 治疗组 Nf-L 与基线相比变化的最小平方均值（±SE）。结果在确定的 460 条记录中，有 3 项针对美式橄榄球大学生球员的研究（n = 179；LC ω-3 PUFA = 105，PL = 71）被纳入荟萃分析。与 PL 相比，补充 LC ω-3 PUFA 后的运动员在 MS 阶段 Nf-L 浓度的变化在统计学上相似[平均差（MD）=-1.66 ± 0.82 pg-mL-1，调整后 P = 0.09]，而在 PS 阶段则显著降低（MD = -2.23 ± 0.83 pg-mL-1，调整后 P = 0.02）。结论我们的研究结果表明，初步支持对暴露于 rSHI 的接触性运动运动员预防性服用 LC ω-3 PUFA；但是，还需要进一步研究以确定所需的有效剂量。本试验已在 OSF 注册（DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EY5QW）。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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