Bismuth chalcogenide assisted Nanomaterials: A versatile platform against harmful bacteria and toxic organic moieties

Abstract

Water pollution caused by toxic organic compounds (Dyes, agrochemicals, antibiotics, etc.) and waterborne bacteria presents significant global challenges that demand innovative solutions. Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional water treatment methods due to their unique properties, such as antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities, as well as superior adsorption capabilities. Among these, bismuth chalcogenides (Bi₂S₃, Bi₂O₃, Bi₂Se₃) have attracted considerable interest for their low toxicity, suitable band gaps in the visible spectrum, and potent antimicrobial properties. This review examines the significant role of bismuth chalcogenide-based single and multiphase nanostructures in addressing water pollution through photocatalytic degradation, adsorption, and antimicrobial processes. Despite excellent photocatalytic activity of single phase bismuth chalcogenides nanomaterials, it also enhances visible light absorption capacity of UV active materials (TiO₂, ZnO etc.) in combine state. It delves into the antimicrobial mechanisms of bismuth chalcogenides and explores their enhanced efficacy when combined with loaded drugs, natural bioactive compounds, and doped metals such as silver (Ag) and gold (Au). The review also provides an in-depth discussion on the challenges associated with synthesizing bismuth chalcogenide nanomaterials and their potential applications in water purification.