Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: A comprehensive review of methods, influencing factors, and applications

Abstract

This review explores recent advancements in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP), focusing on plant-based methods, critical synthesis factors, and biomedical applications. Plant extracts, rich in reducing agents like phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids, facilitate the eco-friendly conversion of silver ions into AgNP. Critical parameters such as pH, temperature, reaction time, and silver precursor concentration are examined for their impact on nanoparticle size, stability, and yield. The biosynthesized AgNP demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, primarily through mechanisms like bacterial membrane disruption and oxidative stress. Emerging applications in anticancer treatments, antioxidant therapies, and wound healing are also discussed. The advantages of green synthesis over conventional chemical methods are highlighted, alongside reproducibility, scalability, and cytotoxicity challenges. Future directions include standardizing synthesis protocols, developing large-scale production strategies, and investigating AgNP toxicity mechanisms further. Plant-mediated green synthesis represents a promising and sustainable approach for generating AgNP with significant biomedical potential.