Biogenic silver nanoparticles from Simarouba glauca DC leaf extract: Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer efficacy in lung cancer cells with protective effects in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract

This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Simarouba glauca leaf extract. The biogenic AgNPs were characterized through UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, zeta potential analysis, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The nanoparticles exhibited a distinct absorbance peak at 413.5 nm, confirming their synthesis and surface plasmon resonance. XRD and HR-TEM analyses revealed a face-centered cubic structure with an average size of 12.45 nm, while AFM indicated a mean particle size of 18.34 nm. The particles demonstrated moderate stability with a zeta potential of −41.4 mV and exhibited various elemental compositions as confirmed by EDX. In the biomedical evaluation, the anticancer potential of SG-AgNPs was tested on L-132 and A549 cell lines using MTT, live/dead, and DNA damage assays. Results showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with significant effects observed at higher concentrations, particularly against A549 cells. Additionally, the protective effects of SG-AgNPs were assessed in Caenorhabditis elegans using survival and paralysis assays. The nanoparticles significantly improved survival rates and reduced paralysis in worms infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings highlight the potential of biogenic SG-AgNPs as effective agents with both anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying these effects and optimizing their therapeutic applications.