Cytarabine chemotherapy induces meibomian gland dysfunction

Abstract

Purpose

Cytarabine (Ara-C) chemotherapy causes symptoms resembling meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), suggesting potential associations between Ara-C and MGD. In this study, the pathological effects of Ara-C on MGD were investigated in a rodent model.

Methods

Mice received Ara-C with or without rosiglitazone (PPARγ agonist) for 7 consecutive days. Slit-lamp biomicroscope was used for ocular examinations. Immunofluorescence detected acinar cell proliferation, differentiation, and ductal keratinization in the meibomian gland (MG). Lipid accumulation was evaluated by Oil Red O and LipidTox staining. Lipogenic status, FoxO1/FoxO3a cellular localization, and oxidative stress were visualized via immunohistochemistry. Western blotting assessed relative protein expression and AKT/FoxO1/FoxO3a pathway phosphorylation.

Results

Ara-C (50 mg/kg) did not affect mouse survival but induced damage to ocular surface microenvironment, including corneal epithelial defects, MG orifice plugging and acinar dropout, and lacrimal gland (LG) dysfunction. Ara-C intervention inhibited proliferation and caused progenitor loss in the MG, as evidenced by reduced PCNA + labeling and P63+/Lrig1+ basal cell numbers. The MG ducts of Ara-C-treated mice exhibited marked dilatation, lipid deposition, and hyperkeratinization (K1/K10 overexpression). Ara-C disrupted MG lipid metabolism by downregulating PPARγ and its downstream lipogenic targets AWAT2/SOAT1/ELOVL4 and upregulating HMGCR. Dephosphorylation of AKT and the subsequent nuclear translocation of FoxO1/FoxO3a contributed to Ara-C-induced PPARγ downregulation. Ara-C triggered oxidative stress with increases in 4-HNE and 8-OHdG and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1/SOD1 axis dysregulation. Rosiglitazone treatment ameliorated MGD-associated pathological manifestations, LG function, MG lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress in Ara-C-exposed mice.

Conclusions

Systemic Ara-C chemotherapy exerted topical cytotoxic effects on the ocular surface, and PPARγ restoration by rosiglitazone mitigated Ara-C-induced MGD alterations.